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Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2
Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2

Chapter X

Chapter 10 of Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2 is here in full — 473 sentences across 95 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2
Context Illustration Reading 1/94 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
#Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.
His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.
T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.
In phonology it closely resembles Vices and Virtues.
The dialect of #e# is Middle South: its rhymes are mostly correct, and it is probably the best representative of the original.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2

Chapter X

Chapter 10 of Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2 is here in full — 473 sentences across 95 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/94 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
#Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.
/ˈdaɪəlekt el ɪz ə ˈkɑːpi ʌv ə ˈsʌðərn ərˈɪdʒənəl meɪd baɪ ə ˈmɪdlænd skraɪb ʌv ðə ˈsʌðərn ˈbɔːrdər/
Line 2
His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.
Line 3
T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.
Line 4
In phonology it closely resembles Vices and Virtues.
/ɪn fəˈnɑːlədʒiː ɪt ˈkloʊsli rɪˈzembəlz ˈvaɪsəz ənd ˈvɜːrtʃuːz/
Line 5
The dialect of #e# is Middle South: its rhymes are mostly correct, and it is probably the best representative of the original.
/ðə ˈdaɪəlekt ʌv iː ɪz ˈmɪdəl saʊθ ɪts raɪmz ɑːr ˈmoʊstli kərˈekt ənd ɪt ɪz ˈprɑːbəbliː ðə best ˌreprəˈzentətɪv ʌv ðə ərˈɪdʒənəl/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

consonant noun US /ˈkɑːnsənənt/

a speech sound that is not a vowel

From this reading “T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.”

inflections noun US /ˌɪnˈflekʃənz/

plural of “inflection” — a change in the form of a word (usually by adding a suffix) to indicate a change in its grammatical function

From this reading “His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.”

Midland noun US /ˈmɪdlænd/

a town in west central Texas

From this reading “#Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.”

participles noun US /ˈpɑːrtɪsɪpəlz/

plural of “participle” — a non-finite form of the verb; in English it is used adjectivally and to form compound tenses

From this reading “T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.”

phonology noun US /fəˈnɑːlədʒiː/

the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes

From this reading “In phonology it closely resembles Vices and Virtues.”

prefix noun US /ˈpriːfɪks/

an affix that is added in front of the word

From this reading “T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.”

pronoun noun US /ˈproʊnaʊn/

a function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase

From this reading “His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.”

retention noun US /riˈtenʃən/

the act of retaining something

From this reading “His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

copy of verb + particle

In this reading “#Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.”

All words in this reading · 97

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

215

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

226

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

228

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

absencenounUS /ˈæbsəns/

the state of being absent

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

affectverbUS /əˈfekt/

have an effect upon

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

ainounUS /aɪ/

an agency of the United States Army responsible for providing timely and relevant and accurate and synchronized intelligence to tactical and operational and strategic level commanders

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

alterationsnounUS /ˌɔːltərˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “alteration” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

areanounUS /ˈeriə/

a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography)

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading The dialect of #e# is Middle South: its rhymes are mostly correct, and it is probably the best representative of the original.

bordernounUS /ˈbɔːrdər/

a line that indicates a boundary

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

borderingverbUS /ˈbɔːrdərɪŋ/

-ing form of “border” — extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

breakingnounUS /ˈbreɪkɪŋ/

the act of breaking something

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

casualadjectiveUS /ˈkæʒəwəl/

marked by blithe unconcern

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

closelyadverbUS /ˈkloʊsli/

in a close relation or position in time or space

From this reading In phonology it closely resembles Vices and Virtues.

consonantnounUS /ˈkɑːnsənənt/

a speech sound that is not a vowel

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

copynounUS /ˈkɑːpi/

a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

correctverbUS /kərˈekt/

make right or correct

From this reading The dialect of #e# is Middle South: its rhymes are mostly correct, and it is probably the best representative of the original.

developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/

act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

DialectnounUS /ˈdaɪəlekt/

the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

distinctadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋkt/

(often followed by “from”) not alike; different in nature or quality

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

dueadjectiveUS /duː/

owed and payable immediately or on demand

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

enounUS /iː/

a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal reproduction; an important antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals in the body

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

eanoun

the Babylonian god of wisdom; son of Apsu and father of Marduk; counterpart of the Sumerian Enki; as one of the supreme triad including Anu and Bel he was assigned control of the watery element

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

ei

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

exclusiveadjectiveUS /ɪkˈskluːsɪv/

not divided or shared with others

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

extensiveadjectiveUS /ɪkˈstensɪv/

large in spatial extent or range or scope or quantity

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

featuresnounUS /ˈfiːtʃərz/

plural of “feature” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

gnounUS /dʒiː/

a metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

GroupnounUS /ɡruːp/

any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

hanounUS /hɑː/

(astronomy) the angular distance of a celestial point measured westward along the celestial equator from the zenith crossing; the right ascension for an observer at a particular location and time of day

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

HisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

inconsistentadjectiveUS /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt/

displaying a lack of consistency

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

infinitives

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

inflectionaladjective

characterized by inflections indicating grammatical distinctions

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

inflectionsnounUS /ˌɪnˈflekʃənz/

plural of “inflection” — a change in the form of a word (usually by adding a suffix) to indicate a change in its grammatical function

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading In phonology it closely resembles Vices and Virtues.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

Katherine

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

KentnounUS /kent/

a county in southeastern England on the English Channel; formerly an Anglo-Saxon kingdom, it was the first to be colonized by the Romans

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

LnounUS /el/

a metric unit of capacity, formerly defined as the volume of one kilogram of pure water under standard conditions; now equal to 1,000 cubic centimeters (or approximately 1.75 pints)

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

mainlyadverbUS /ˈmeɪnli/

for the most part

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

Mercian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

MiddlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading The dialect of #e# is Middle South: its rhymes are mostly correct, and it is probably the best representative of the original.

MidlandnounUS /ˈmɪdlænd/

a town in west central Texas

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

mostlyadverbUS /ˈmoʊstli/

in large part; mainly or chiefly

From this reading The dialect of #e# is Middle South: its rhymes are mostly correct, and it is probably the best representative of the original.

nnounUS /en/

a common nonmetallic element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless inert diatomic gas; constitutes 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume; a constituent of all living tissues

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

northernadjectiveUS /ˈnɔːrðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

originnounUS /ˈɔːrədʒən/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

originaladjectiveUS /ərˈɪdʒənəl/

preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

participlesnounUS /ˈpɑːrtɪsɪpəlz/

plural of “participle” — a non-finite form of the verb; in English it is used adjectivally and to form compound tenses

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

phonologynounUS /fəˈnɑːlədʒiː/

the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes

From this reading In phonology it closely resembles Vices and Virtues.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

prefixnounUS /ˈpriːfɪks/

an affix that is added in front of the word

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

probablyadverbUS /ˈprɑːbəbliː/

with considerable certainty; without much doubt

From this reading The dialect of #e# is Middle South: its rhymes are mostly correct, and it is probably the best representative of the original.

pronounnounUS /ˈproʊnaʊn/

a function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

representationnounUS /ˌreprəzenˈteɪʃən/

a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

representativenounUS /ˌreprəˈzentətɪv/

a person who represents others

From this reading The dialect of #e# is Middle South: its rhymes are mostly correct, and it is probably the best representative of the original.

resemblesverbUS /rɪˈzembəlz/

third-person singular of “resemble” — appear like; be similar or bear a likeness to

From this reading In phonology it closely resembles Vices and Virtues.

retentionnounUS /riˈtenʃən/

the act of retaining something

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

rhymesnounUS /raɪmz/

plural of “rhyme” — correspondence in the sounds of two or more lines (especially final sounds)

From this reading The dialect of #e# is Middle South: its rhymes are mostly correct, and it is probably the best representative of the original.

scribeverbUS /skraɪb/

score a line on with a pointed instrument, as in metalworking

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

soundsnounUS /saʊndz/

plural of “sound” — the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

SouthnounUS /saʊθ/

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading The dialect of #e# is Middle South: its rhymes are mostly correct, and it is probably the best representative of the original.

South-Eastern

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

SouthernadjectiveUS /ˈsʌðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States south of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

TnounUS /tiː/

a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading #Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

tracenounUS /treɪs/

a just detectable amount

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

VicesnounUS /ˈvaɪsəz/

plural of “vice” — moral weakness

From this reading In phonology it closely resembles Vices and Virtues.

VirtuesnounUS /ˈvɜːrtʃuːz/

plural of “virtue” — the quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong

From this reading In phonology it closely resembles Vices and Virtues.

warni

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

wernin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

æ

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin.

Chapter 10 of Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2 by Joseph[Editor] Hall holds 473 sentences, grouped into 95 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 10 of Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2 contain?

Chapter 10 holds 473 sentences of Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2, unabridged, divided into 95 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 10 of Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2 by Joseph[Editor] Hall exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 473 sentences, grouped into 95 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 10 of Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2?

Work through the 95 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 95 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 10 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 10 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2

Common questions about reading Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2 by Joseph[Editor] Hall on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 18241 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #43555 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #43555, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2 take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 3649 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2 section by section

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Vocabulary met early in Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2

Words and structures a reader meets early in Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Notes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Volume
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Accompanying
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Selections
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.