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Selections from Previous Works With Remarks
Selections from Previous Works With Remarks

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Selections from Previous Works With Remarks is here in full — 451 sentences across 91 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/90 · 5 lines
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Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.
The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.
The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.
The cat is not honoured with any philosophical reflection, and comes in for nothing but abuse.
The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Selections from Previous Works With Remarks

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Selections from Previous Works With Remarks is here in full — 451 sentences across 91 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/90 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.
Line 2
The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.
/ðə ˈprezəns ʌv ˌruːdəˈmentəri ˈɔːrɡənz ˈʌndər ə pɪɡz huːf səˈdʒests æn əˈtæk əˈpɑːn ðə ˈdɑːktrən ʌv ˈfaɪnəl ˈkɑːzəz ɪn soʊ fɑːr æz ɪt ɪz priˈtendɪd ðæt ˈevəri pɑːrt ʌv ˈevəri ˈænəməl ɔːr plænt wɑːz ˈspeʃəli dɪˈzaɪnd wɪð ə vjuː tuː ðə wɑːnts ʌv ðə ˈænəməl ɔːr plænt ˌɪtˈself wʌns ənd fərˈevər θruːˈaʊt ɔːl taɪm/
Line 3
The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.
/ðə dɔːɡ wɪð hɪz ɡreɪt vərˈaɪəti ʌv briːdz ɡɪvz æn ˌɑːpərˈtuːnəti fɔːr æn ˈɑːrtəkəl ɑːn ðə fɔːrˈmeɪʃən ʌv briːdz ənd sʌb briːdz baɪ mænz ˌɑːrtəˈfɪʃəl səˈlekʃən/
Line 4
The cat is not honoured with any philosophical reflection, and comes in for nothing but abuse.
/ðə kæt ɪz nɑːt ˈɑːnərd wɪð ˈeni ˌfɪləˈsɑːfɪkəl rɪˈflekʃən ənd kʌmz ɪn fɔːr ˈnʌθɪŋ bʌt əˈbjuːs/
Line 5
The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.
/ðə her səˈdʒests ðə ˈræbət ənd ðə ˈræbət ɪz ə ˈræpəd ˈbriːdər ˌɔːlˈðoʊ ðə her ɪz æn əˈnjuːʒuːəli sloʊ wʌn bʌt ðɪs ɪz nɪr ɪˈnʌf soʊ ðə her ʃæl sɜːrv ʌs fɔːr ðə θiːm ʌv ə ˈdɪskɔːrs ɑːn ðə ˌdʒiːəˈmetrɪkəl ˈreɪʃioʊ ʌv ˌɪnˈkriːs ənd ðə ˈbæləns ʌv ˈpaʊər wɪtʃ meɪ biː əbˈzɜːrvd ɪn ˈneɪtʃər/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

breeder noun US /ˈbriːdər/

a person who breeds animals

From this reading “The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.”

breeds noun US /briːdz/

plural of “breed” — a special variety of domesticated animals within a species

From this reading “Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.”

dissertation noun US /ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃən/

a treatise advancing a new point of view resulting from research; usually a requirement for an advanced academic degree

From this reading “Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.”

geometrical adjective US /ˌdʒiːəˈmetrɪkəl/

of or relating to or determined by geometry

From this reading “The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.”

pig's noun US /pɪɡz/

possessive form of “pig” — domestic swine

From this reading “The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.”

ratio noun US /ˈreɪʃioʊ/

the relative magnitudes of two quantities (usually expressed as a quotient)

From this reading “The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.”

rudimentary adjective US /ˌruːdəˈmentəri/

being or involving basic facts or principles

From this reading “The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.”

sub verb US /sʌb/

be a substitute

From this reading “The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.”

All words in this reading · 105

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

abuseverbUS /əˈbjuːs/

treat badly

From this reading The cat is not honoured with any philosophical reflection, and comes in for nothing but abuse.

accordinglyadverbUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

althoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

animalnounUS /ˈænəməl/

a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The cat is not honoured with any philosophical reflection, and comes in for nothing but abuse.

articlenounUS /ˈɑːrtəkəl/

nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication

From this reading The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.

artificialadjectiveUS /ˌɑːrtəˈfɪʃəl/

contrived by art rather than nature

From this reading The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

attacknounUS /əˈtæk/

(military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons)

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

balanceverbUS /ˈbæləns/

bring into balance or equilibrium

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

breedernounUS /ˈbriːdər/

a person who breeds animals

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

breedsnounUS /briːdz/

plural of “breed” — a special variety of domesticated animals within a species

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The cat is not honoured with any philosophical reflection, and comes in for nothing but abuse.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.

catnounUS /kæt/

feline mammal usually having thick soft fur and no ability to roar: domestic cats; wildcats

From this reading The cat is not honoured with any philosophical reflection, and comes in for nothing but abuse.

causesnounUS /ˈkɑːzəz/

plural of “cause” — events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

comesnounUS /kʌmz/

plural of “come” — the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract

From this reading The cat is not honoured with any philosophical reflection, and comes in for nothing but abuse.

designedadjectiveUS /dɪˈzaɪnd/

done or made or performed with purpose and intent

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

discoursenounUS /ˈdɪskɔːrs/

extended verbal expression in speech or writing

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

dissertationnounUS /ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃən/

a treatise advancing a new point of view resulting from research; usually a requirement for an advanced academic degree

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

doctrinenounUS /ˈdɑːktrən/

a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

dognounUS /dɔːɡ/

a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds

From this reading The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

finaladjectiveUS /ˈfaɪnəl/

occurring at or forming an end or termination

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

foreveradverbUS /fərˈevər/

for a limitless time

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

formationnounUS /fɔːrˈmeɪʃən/

an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit

From this reading The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.

geometricaladjectiveUS /ˌdʒiːəˈmetrɪkəl/

of or relating to or determined by geometry

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

givesnounUS /ɡɪvz/

plural of “give” — the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length

From this reading The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.

goatnounUS /ɡoʊt/

any of numerous agile ruminants related to sheep but having a beard and straight horns

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.

harenounUS /her/

swift timid long-eared mammal larger than a rabbit having a divided upper lip and long hind legs; young born furred and with open eyes

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.

honouredverbUS /ˈɑːnərd/

past form of “honour” — bestow honor or rewards upon

From this reading The cat is not honoured with any philosophical reflection, and comes in for nothing but abuse.

hoofnounUS /huːf/

the foot of an ungulate mammal

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

hybridism

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

increasenounUS /ˌɪnˈkriːs/

a quantity that is added

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

man'snounUS /mænz/

possessive form of “man” — an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The cat is not honoured with any philosophical reflection, and comes in for nothing but abuse.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading The cat is not honoured with any philosophical reflection, and comes in for nothing but abuse.

observedadjectiveUS /əbˈzɜːrvd/

discovered or determined by scientific observation

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

opportunitynounUS /ˌɑːpərˈtuːnəti/

a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances

From this reading The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

organsnounUS /ˈɔːrɡənz/

edible viscera of a butchered animal

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

philosophicaladjectiveUS /ˌfɪləˈsɑːfɪkəl/

of or relating to philosophy or philosophers

From this reading The cat is not honoured with any philosophical reflection, and comes in for nothing but abuse.

pig'snounUS /pɪɡz/

possessive form of “pig” — domestic swine

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

plantverbUS /plænt/

put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

prefacenounUS /ˈprefəs/

a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

presencenounUS /ˈprezəns/

the state of being present; current existence

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

pretendedadjectiveUS /priˈtendɪd/

adopted in order to deceive

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

rabbitnounUS /ˈræbət/

any of various burrowing animals of the family Leporidae having long ears and short tails; some domesticated and raised for pets or food

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

rapidadjectiveUS /ˈræpəd/

done or occurring in a brief period of time

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

rationounUS /ˈreɪʃioʊ/

the relative magnitudes of two quantities (usually expressed as a quotient)

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

reflectionnounUS /rɪˈflekʃən/

a calm, lengthy, intent consideration

From this reading The cat is not honoured with any philosophical reflection, and comes in for nothing but abuse.

rudimentaryadjectiveUS /ˌruːdəˈmentəri/

being or involving basic facts or principles

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

selectionnounUS /səˈlekʃən/

the act of choosing or selecting

From this reading The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.

serveverbUS /sɜːrv/

serve a purpose, role, or function

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

sheepnounUS /ʃiːp/

woolly usually horned ruminant mammal related to the goat

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

slowadjectiveUS /sloʊ/

not moving quickly; taking a comparatively long time

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

speciallyadverbUS /ˈspeʃəli/

in a special manner

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

subverbUS /sʌb/

be a substitute

From this reading The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.

suggestsverbUS /səˈdʒests/

third-person singular of “suggest” — make a proposal, declare a plan for something

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

textnounUS /tekst/

the words of something written

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

themenounUS /θiːm/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

throughoutprepositionUS /θruːˈaʊt/

in every part of a place, or for the whole of a period

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

ThusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

unusuallyadverbUS /əˈnjuːʒuːəli/

to a remarkable degree or extent

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The hare suggests the rabbit, and the rabbit is a rapid breeder, although the hare is an unusually slow one; but this is near enough, so the hare shall serve us for the theme of a discourse on the geometrical ratio of increase and the balance of power which may be observed in nature.

varietynounUS /vərˈaɪəti/

a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading The dog with his great variety of breeds gives an opportunity for an article on the formation of breeds and sub- breeds by man's artificial selection.

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

wantsnounUS /wɑːnts/

plural of “want” — a state of extreme poverty

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The presence of rudimentary organs under a pig's hoof suggests an attack upon the doctrine of final causes in so far as it is pretended that every part of every animal or plant was specially designed with a view to the wants of the animal or plant itself, once and forever throughout all time.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Thus the goat breeds with the sheep, and may therefore serve as the text for a dissertation on hybridism, which is accordingly given in the preface to this animal.

Chapter 4 of Selections from Previous Works With Remarks by Samuel Butler holds 451 sentences, grouped into 91 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Selections from Previous Works With Remarks contain?

Chapter 4 holds 451 sentences of Selections from Previous Works With Remarks, unabridged, divided into 91 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Selections from Previous Works With Remarks by Samuel Butler exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 451 sentences, grouped into 91 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Selections from Previous Works With Remarks?

Work through the 91 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 91 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #19610, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 260 minutes of reading across 625 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Selections from Previous Works With Remarks

Words and structures a reader meets early in Selections from Previous Works With Remarks, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Course
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Selections from Previous Works With Remarks; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Science
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Selections from Previous Works With Remarks; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Never
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Selections from Previous Works With Remarks; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Smooth
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Selections from Previous Works With Remarks; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.