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Shadowings
Shadowings

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Shadowings is here in full — 342 sentences across 69 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/68 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
* * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.
In 1889 some of the Tokyo newspapers demanded legislative measures to check the practice.
This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.
Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.
One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Shadowings

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Shadowings is here in full — 342 sentences across 69 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/68 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
* * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.
Line 2
In 1889 some of the Tokyo newspapers demanded legislative measures to check the practice.
Line 3
This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.
/ðɪs ˈɪnsədənt wʊd siːm tuː əˈfɔːrd pruːf ʌv ˈpʌblɪk ˈfiːlɪŋ əˈpɑːn ðə səbˈdʒekt/
Line 4
Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.
/oʊld ˌdʒæpəˈniːz sɔːŋz ˌdekərˈeɪʃən ðɪs nuː jɪrz ˈmɔːrnɪŋ aɪ faɪnd əˈpɑːn maɪ ˈteɪbəl tuː moʊst ˈwelkəm ɡɪfts frʌm ə jʌŋ ˈpoʊət ʌv maɪ ˈlɪtəreri klæs/
Line 5
One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Decoration noun US /ˌdekərˈeɪʃən/

something used to beautify

From this reading “Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.”

geisha noun US /ˈɡeɪʃə/

a Japanese woman trained to entertain men with conversation and singing and dancing

genteel adjective US /dʒenˈtiːl/

marked by refinement in taste and manners

From this reading “* * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.”

kimono noun US /kəˈmoʊnə/

a loose robe; imitated from robes originally worn by Japanese

From this reading “One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.”

legislative adjective US /ˈledʒəsleɪtɪv/

relating to a legislature or composed of members of a legislature

From this reading “In 1889 some of the Tokyo newspapers demanded legislative measures to check the practice.”

suffix noun US /ˈsʌfɪks/

an affix that is added at the end of the word

From this reading “* * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.”

Tokyo noun US /ˈtoʊkioʊ/

the capital and largest city of Japan; the economic and cultural center of Japan

From this reading “In 1889 some of the Tokyo newspapers demanded legislative measures to check the practice.”

Year's noun US /jɪrz/

possessive form of “year” — a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading “Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

certain classes adjective + noun counted as “certain class”

In this reading “* * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.”

late years adjective + noun

In this reading “* * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.”

real names adjective + noun

In this reading “* * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.”

upon the subject preposition + article + noun counted as “upon … subject”

In this reading “This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.”

public feeling noun + noun

In this reading “This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.”

young poet adjective + noun

In this reading “Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.”

roll of verb + particle

In this reading “One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.”

All words in this reading · 77

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1889

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In 1889 some of the Tokyo newspapers demanded legislative measures to check the practice.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

affordverbUS /əˈfɔːrd/

be able to spare or give up

From this reading This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

aristocraticadjectiveUS /ərˌɪstəˈkrætɪk/

belonging to or characteristic of the nobility or aristocracy

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.

assumeverbUS /əˈsuːm/

take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

becameverbUS /bɪˈkeɪm/

inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

capitalnounUS /ˈkæpətəl/

assets available for use in the production of further assets

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

checkverbUS /tʃek/

examine so as to determine accuracy, quality, or condition

From this reading In 1889 some of the Tokyo newspapers demanded legislative measures to check the practice.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

classesnounUS /ˈklæsəz/

plural of “class” — a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

clothnounUS /klɔːθ/

artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers

From this reading One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.

DecorationnounUS /ˌdekərˈeɪʃən/

something used to beautify

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

demandedverbUS /dɪˈmændəd/

past form of “demand” — request urgently and forcefully

From this reading In 1889 some of the Tokyo newspapers demanded legislative measures to check the practice.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

fashionnounUS /ˈfæʃən/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

feelingnounUS /ˈfiːlɪŋ/

the experiencing of affective and emotional states

From this reading This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

geishanounUS /ˈɡeɪʃə/

a Japanese woman trained to entertain men with conversation and singing and dancing

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

genteeladjectiveUS /dʒenˈtiːl/

marked by refinement in taste and manners

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

giftsnounUS /ɡɪfts/

plural of “gift” — something acquired without compensation

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

incidentnounUS /ˈɪnsədənt/

a single distinct event

From this reading This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

JapanesenounUS /ˌdʒæpəˈniːz/

a native or inhabitant of Japan

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

kimononounUS /kəˈmoʊnə/

a loose robe; imitated from robes originally worn by Japanese

From this reading One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.

KonounUS /koʊ/

a blow that renders the opponent unconscious

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

lateadjectiveUS /leɪt/

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

legislativeadjectiveUS /ˈledʒəsleɪtɪv/

relating to a legislature or composed of members of a legislature

From this reading In 1889 some of the Tokyo newspapers demanded legislative measures to check the practice.

literaryadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəreri/

of or relating to or characteristic of literature

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

measuresnounUS /ˈmeʒərz/

plural of “measure” — any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal

From this reading In 1889 some of the Tokyo newspapers demanded legislative measures to check the practice.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

namesnounUS /neɪmz/

verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

newspapersnounUS /ˈnuːzpeɪpərz/

plural of “newspaper” — a daily or weekly publication on folded sheets; contains news and articles and advertisements

From this reading In 1889 some of the Tokyo newspapers demanded legislative measures to check the practice.

OfprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

OldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.

poetnounUS /ˈpoʊət/

a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

practicenounUS /ˈpræktəs/

a customary way of operation or behavior

From this reading In 1889 some of the Tokyo newspapers demanded legislative measures to check the practice.

proofnounUS /pruːf/

any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something

From this reading This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.

readernounUS /ˈriːdər/

a person who enjoys reading

From this reading One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.

realadjectiveUS /riːl/

being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

rollverbUS /roʊl/

move by turning over or rotating

From this reading One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.

seemverbUS /siːm/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading In 1889 some of the Tokyo newspapers demanded legislative measures to check the practice.

SongsnounUS /sɔːŋz/

plural of “song” — a short musical composition with words

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.

suffixnounUS /ˈsʌfɪks/

an affix that is added at the end of the word

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

tablenounUS /ˈteɪbəl/

a set of data arranged in rows and columns

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

TokyonounUS /ˈtoʊkioʊ/

the capital and largest city of Japan; the economic and cultural center of Japan

From this reading In 1889 some of the Tokyo newspapers demanded legislative measures to check the practice.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.

welcomeverbUS /ˈwelkəm/

accept gladly

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

WesternadjectiveUS /ˈwestərn/

relating to or characteristic of the western parts of the world or the West as opposed to the eastern or oriental parts

From this reading One is a roll of cloth for a new kimono,--cloth such as my Western reader never saw.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading This incident would seem to afford proof of public feeling upon the subject.

Year'snounUS /jɪrz/

possessive form of “year” — a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

yobina

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * Of late years it became a fashion among certain classes of _geisha_ in the capital to assume real names with the genteel suffix _Ko_, and even aristocratic _yobina_.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading Old Japanese Songs [Decoration] THIS New Year's morning I find upon my table two most welcome gifts from a young poet of my literary class.

Chapter 4 of Shadowings by Lafcadio Hearn holds 342 sentences, grouped into 69 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Shadowings contain?

Chapter 4 holds 342 sentences of Shadowings, unabridged, divided into 69 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Shadowings by Lafcadio Hearn exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 342 sentences, grouped into 69 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Shadowings?

Work through the 69 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 69 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Shadowings

Common questions about reading Shadowings by Lafcadio Hearn on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Shadowings?

Yes. All 2236 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #34215 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Shadowings is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #34215, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Shadowings take to read?

About 186 minutes of reading across 448 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Shadowings section by section

How to work through Shadowings section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 5 chapters of Shadowings to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Shadowings

Words and structures a reader meets early in Shadowings, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Shadowings; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Exotics
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Shadowings; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Retrospectives
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Shadowings; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ghostly
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Shadowings; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.