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Shakespeare: A Lecture
Shakespeare: A Lecture

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Shakespeare: A Lecture is here in full — 668 sentences across 134 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 7/133 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.
Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.
It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.
Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.
About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Shakespeare: A Lecture

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Shakespeare: A Lecture is here in full — 668 sentences across 134 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 7/133 · 5 reading units · Lines 31–35

Line 1
Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.
/ekˈstriːmz bɪˈɡet ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃənz ˈiːvɪn æz ə ˈrɪvər baɪ ɪts oʊn ˈswɪftnəs kriˈeɪts əbˈstrʌkʃənz fɔːr ˌɪtˈself/
Line 2
Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.
/ˈpɑːsəbli ˈmeni ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃənz ʌv ˈkʌltʃər briːd ə dɪˈzaɪər fɔːr ðə ruːd dʒɔɪz ʌv ˈsævɪdʒeri ənd ˈpɑːsəbli ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃənz ʌv ˈɪɡnərəns briːd sʌtʃ ə ˈlɔːŋɪŋ fɔːr ˈnɑːlədʒ ðæt ʌv ðɪs dɪˈzaɪər ʌv ðɪs ˈhʌŋɡər ʌv ðə breɪn ˈdʒiːnjəs ɪz bɔːrn/
Line 3
It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.
/ɪt meɪ biː ðæt ðə maɪnd baɪ ˈlaɪɪŋ ˈfæloʊ baɪ rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ ˈaɪdəl fɔːr ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃənz ˈɡæðərz streŋkθ/
Line 4
Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.
/ˈʃeɪkspiːrz ˈfɑːðər siːmz tuː hæv bɪn æn ˈɔːrdəneri mæn ʌv hɪz taɪm ənd klæs/
Line 5
About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.
/əˈbaʊt ðə ˈoʊnli θɪŋ wiː noʊ ʌv hɪm ɪz ðæt hiː wɑːz əˈfɪʃəli ˌriːˈpɔːrtɪd fɔːr nɑːt ˈkʌmɪŋ ˈmʌnθli tuː tʃɜːrtʃ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

beget verb US /bɪˈɡet/

make (offspring) by reproduction

From this reading “Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.”

creates verb US /kriˈeɪts/

third-person singular of “create” — make or cause to be or to become

From this reading “Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.”

Extremes noun US /ekˈstriːmz/

plural of “extreme” — the furthest or highest degree of something

From this reading “Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.”

fallow adjective US /ˈfæloʊ/

left unplowed and unseeded during a growing season

From this reading “It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.”

gathers noun US /ˈɡæðərz/

plural of “gather” — sewing consisting of small folds or puckers made by pulling tight a thread in a line of stitching

From this reading “It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.”

obstructions noun US /əbˈstrʌkʃənz/

plural of “obstruction” — any structure that makes progress difficult

From this reading “Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.”

officially adverb US /əˈfɪʃəli/

in an official role

From this reading “About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.”

savagery noun US /ˈsævɪdʒeri/

the property of being untamed and ferocious

From this reading “Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

gathers strength verb + noun counted as “gather strength”

In this reading “It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.”

many generations adjective + noun counted as “many generation”

In this reading “Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.”

ordinary man noun + noun

In this reading “Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.”

All words in this reading · 74

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

AboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.

begetverbUS /bɪˈɡet/

make (offspring) by reproduction

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

brainnounUS /breɪn/

that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

breedverbUS /briːd/

call forth

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

churchnounUS /tʃɜːrtʃ/

one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.

comingnounUS /ˈkʌmɪŋ/

the act of drawing spatially closer to something

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

createsverbUS /kriˈeɪts/

third-person singular of “create” — make or cause to be or to become

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

culturenounUS /ˈkʌltʃər/

a particular society at a particular time and place

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

desirenounUS /dɪˈzaɪər/

the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

ExtremesnounUS /ekˈstriːmz/

plural of “extreme” — the furthest or highest degree of something

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

fallowadjectiveUS /ˈfæloʊ/

left unplowed and unseeded during a growing season

From this reading It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

gathersnounUS /ˈɡæðərz/

plural of “gather” — sewing consisting of small folds or puckers made by pulling tight a thread in a line of stitching

From this reading It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.

generationsnounUS /ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “generation” — all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

GeniusnounUS /ˈdʒiːnjəs/

someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.

hungernounUS /ˈhʌŋɡər/

a physiological need for food; the consequence of food deprivation

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

idleadjectiveUS /ˈaɪdəl/

not in action or at work

From this reading It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.

ignorancenounUS /ˈɪɡnərəns/

the lack of knowledge or education

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

joysnounUS /dʒɔɪz/

plural of “joy” — the emotion of great happiness

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

knowledgenounUS /ˈnɑːlədʒ/

the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

limitationsnounUS /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “limitation” — a principle that limits the extent of something

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

longingnounUS /ˈlɔːŋɪŋ/

prolonged unfulfilled desire or need

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

lyingnounUS /ˈlaɪɪŋ/

the deliberate act of deviating from the truth

From this reading It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.

monthlynounUS /ˈmʌnθli/

a periodical that is published every month (or 12 issues per year)

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

obstructionsnounUS /əbˈstrʌkʃənz/

plural of “obstruction” — any structure that makes progress difficult

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

officiallyadverbUS /əˈfɪʃəli/

in an official role

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

ordinarynounUS /ˈɔːrdəneri/

a judge of a probate court

From this reading Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

PossiblyadverbUS /ˈpɑːsəbli/

by chance

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

remainingadjectiveUS /rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ/

not used up

From this reading It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.

reportedadjectiveUS /ˌriːˈpɔːrtɪd/

made known or told about; especially presented in a formal account

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

rudeadjectiveUS /ruːd/

socially incorrect in behavior

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

savagerynounUS /ˈsævɪdʒeri/

the property of being untamed and ferocious

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

seemsverbUS /siːmz/

third-person singular of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.

Shakespeare'snounUS /ˈʃeɪkspiːrz/

possessive form of “shakespeare” — English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

From this reading Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading It may be that the mind, by lying fallow, by remaining idle for generations, gathers strength.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

swiftnessnounUS /ˈswɪftnəs/

a rate (usually rapid) at which something happens

From this reading Extremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Possibly, many generations of culture breed a desire for the rude joys of savagery, and possibly generations of ignorance breed such a longing for knowledge, that of this desire, of this hunger of the brain, Genius is born.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Shakespeare's father seems to have been an ordinary man of his time and class.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading About the only thing we know of him is that he was officially reported for not coming monthly to church.

Chapter 1 of Shakespeare: A Lecture by Robert Green Ingersoll holds 668 sentences, grouped into 134 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Shakespeare: A Lecture contain?

Chapter 1 holds 668 sentences of Shakespeare: A Lecture, unabridged, divided into 134 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Shakespeare: A Lecture by Robert Green Ingersoll exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 668 sentences, grouped into 134 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Shakespeare: A Lecture?

Work through the 134 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 134 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Shakespeare: A Lecture

Common questions about reading Shakespeare: A Lecture by Robert Green Ingersoll on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Shakespeare: A Lecture?

Yes. All 668 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #38105 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Shakespeare: A Lecture is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #38105, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Shakespeare: A Lecture take to read?

About 55 minutes of reading across 134 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Shakespeare: A Lecture

Words and structures a reader meets early in Shakespeare: A Lecture, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Shakespeare
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Shakespeare: A Lecture; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Intellectual
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Shakespeare: A Lecture; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ocean
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Shakespeare: A Lecture; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Whose
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Shakespeare: A Lecture; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.