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Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background
Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background is here in full — 989 sentences across 198 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background
Context Illustration Reading 1/197 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.
Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text.
Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved.
Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
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Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background is here in full — 989 sentences across 198 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/197 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.
/ˌʌndərˈskɔːrz bɪˈfɔːr ənd ˈæftər ə wɜːrd ɔːr freɪz ˈɪndəkeɪt aɪˈtælɪks ɪn ðə ərˈɪdʒənəl tekst/
Line 2
Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text.
/ˈiːkwəl saɪnz bɪˈfɔːr ənd ˈæftər ə wɜːrd ɔːr freɪz ˈɪndəkeɪt boʊld ɪn ðə ərˈɪdʒənəl tekst/
Line 3
Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
/smɔːl ˈkæpətəlz hæv bɪn kənˈvɜːrtɪd tuː ˈsɑːləd ˈkæpətəlz/
Line 4
Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved.
/oʊld ɔːr ˈæntəkweɪtɪd ˈspelɪŋz hæv bɪn prəˈzɜːrvd/
Line 5
Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
/ˌtaɪpəˈɡræfɪkəl ənd ˌpʌŋktʃuːˈeɪʃən ˈerərz hæv bɪn ˈsaɪləntli kərˈektəd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

antiquated adjective US /ˈæntəkweɪtɪd/

so extremely old as seeming to belong to an earlier period

From this reading “Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved.”

capitals noun US /ˈkæpətəlz/

plural of “capital” — assets available for use in the production of further assets

From this reading “Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.”

converted verb US /kənˈvɜːrtɪd/

past form of “convert” — change from one system to another or to a new plan or policy

From this reading “Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.”

italics noun US /aɪˈtælɪks/

plural of “italic” — a style of handwriting with the letters slanting to the right

punctuation noun US /ˌpʌŋktʃuːˈeɪʃən/

something that makes repeated and regular interruptions or divisions

From this reading “Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.”

spellings noun US /ˈspelɪŋz/

plural of “spelling” — forming words with letters according to the principles underlying accepted usage

From this reading “Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved.”

Typographical adjective US /ˌtaɪpəˈɡræfɪkəl/

relating to or occurring or used in typography

From this reading “Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.”

Underscores noun US /ˌʌndərˈskɔːrz/

plural of “underscore” — a line drawn underneath (especially under written matter)

From this reading “Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

original text adjective + noun

In this reading “Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.”

Small capitals adjective + noun counted as “small capital”

a character having the form of an upper-case letter but the same height as lower-case letters

In this reading “Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.”

All words in this reading · 33

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

antiquatedadjectiveUS /ˈæntəkweɪtɪd/

so extremely old as seeming to belong to an earlier period

From this reading Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

boldadjectiveUS /boʊld/

fearless and daring

From this reading Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text.

capitalsnounUS /ˈkæpətəlz/

plural of “capital” — assets available for use in the production of further assets

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

convertedverbUS /kənˈvɜːrtɪd/

past form of “convert” — change from one system to another or to a new plan or policy

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

correctedadjectiveUS /kərˈektəd/

having something undesirable neutralized

From this reading Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.

EqualverbUS /ˈiːkwəl/

be identical or equivalent to

From this reading Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text.

errorsnounUS /ˈerərz/

plural of “error” — a wrong action attributable to bad judgment or ignorance or inattention

From this reading Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

indicateverbUS /ˈɪndəkeɪt/

be a signal for or a symptom of

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

italicsnounUS /aɪˈtælɪks/

plural of “italic” — a style of handwriting with the letters slanting to the right

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

OldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

originaladjectiveUS /ərˈɪdʒənəl/

preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

phrasenounUS /freɪz/

an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

preservedadjectiveUS /prəˈzɜːrvd/

prevented from decaying or spoiling and prepared for future use

From this reading Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved.

punctuationnounUS /ˌpʌŋktʃuːˈeɪʃən/

something that makes repeated and regular interruptions or divisions

From this reading Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.

signsnounUS /saɪnz/

plural of “sign” — a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)

From this reading Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text.

silentlyadverbUS /ˈsaɪləntli/

without speaking

From this reading Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.

SmalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

SOLIDadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːləd/

characterized by good substantial quality

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

spellingsnounUS /ˈspelɪŋz/

plural of “spelling” — forming words with letters according to the principles underlying accepted usage

From this reading Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved.

textnounUS /tekst/

the words of something written

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

TypographicaladjectiveUS /ˌtaɪpəˈɡræfɪkəl/

relating to or occurring or used in typography

From this reading Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.

UnderscoresnounUS /ˌʌndərˈskɔːrz/

plural of “underscore” — a line drawn underneath (especially under written matter)

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

wordnounUS /wɜːrd/

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

Chapter 1 of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background by Mungo William, Sir MacCallum holds 989 sentences, grouped into 198 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background contain?

Chapter 1 holds 989 sentences of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background, unabridged, divided into 198 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background by Mungo William, Sir MacCallum exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 989 sentences, grouped into 198 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background?

Work through the 198 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 198 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Is this the complete text of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background

Words and structures a reader meets early in Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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