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Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background
Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background is here in full — 379 sentences across 76 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/75 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.
The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.
In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.
But in the process very much has been lost.
The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background is here in full — 379 sentences across 76 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/75 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.
Line 2
The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.
Line 3
In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.
Line 4
But in the process very much has been lost.
/bʌt ɪn ðə ˈprɑːses ˈveri mʌtʃ hæz bɪn lɔːst/
Line 5
The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.
/ðə oʊld ˈprɪnsəpəl ʌv ˈfriːdəm wɪtʃ ˈiːvɪn wen ˈmɔːrəbənd sɜːrv tuː lend boʊθ ðə ˈmæsəz ənd ðə ˈklæsəz ækˈtɪvəti ənd ˌselfˈkɑːnʃəsnəs hæz kwaɪt ˌdɪsəˈpɪrd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

asserts verb US /əˈsɜːrts/

third-person singular of “assert” — state categorically

From this reading “The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.”

Cleopatra noun US /ˌkliːəˈpætrə/

beautiful and charismatic queen of Egypt; mistress of Julius Caesar and later of Mark Antony; killed herself to avoid capture by Octavian (69-30 BC)

elicited adjective US /ɪˈlɪsɪtɪd/

called forth from a latent or potential state by stimulation

From this reading “The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.”

flare noun US /fler/

a shape that spreads outward

From this reading “The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.”

guiding adjective US /ˈɡaɪdɪŋ/

exerting control or influence

From this reading “The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.”

limitations noun US /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “limitation” — a principle that limits the extent of something

From this reading “In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.”

moribund adjective US /ˈmɔːrəbənd/

not growing or changing; without force or vitality

From this reading “The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.”

self-consciousness noun US /ˌselfˈkɑːnʃəsnəs/

embarrassment deriving from the feeling that others are critically aware of you

From this reading “The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

struggle between verb + particle

In this reading “THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.”

goes out verb + adjective counted as “go out”

move out of or depart from

In this reading “The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.”

All words in this reading · 84

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

activitynounUS /ækˈtɪvəti/

any specific behavior

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

ANTONYnounUS /ˈæntəni/

Roman general under Julius Caesar in the Gallic wars; repudiated his wife for the Egyptian queen Cleopatra; they were defeated by Octavian at Actium (83-30 BC)

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

assertsverbUS /əˈsɜːrts/

third-person singular of “assert” — state categorically

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

ASSOCIATESnounUS /əˈsoʊsiəts/

plural of “associate” — a person who joins with others in some activity or endeavor

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

CaesarnounUS /ˈsiːzər/

conqueror of Gaul and master of Italy (100-44 BC)

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

classesnounUS /ˈklæsəz/

plural of “class” — a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

CleopatranounUS /ˌkliːəˈpætrə/

beautiful and charismatic queen of Egypt; mistress of Julius Caesar and later of Mark Antony; killed herself to avoid capture by Octavian (69-30 BC)

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

confirmedadjectiveUS /kənˈfɜːrmd/

of persons; not subject to change

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

deprivedadjectiveUS /dɪˈpraɪvd/

marked by deprivation especially of the necessities of life or healthful environmental influences

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

despiteprepositionUS /dɪˈspaɪt/

although something is true; in spite of

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

disappearedverbUS /ˌdɪsəˈpɪrd/

past form of “disappear” — get lost, as without warning or explanation

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

elicitedadjectiveUS /ɪˈlɪsɪtɪd/

called forth from a latent or potential state by stimulation

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

establishedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

evilnounUS /ˈiːvəl/

morally objectionable behavior

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

faultsnounUS /fɔːlts/

plural of “fault” — a wrong action attributable to bad judgment or ignorance or inattention

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

finaladjectiveUS /ˈfaɪnəl/

occurring at or forming an end or termination

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

flarenounUS /fler/

a shape that spreads outward

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

freedomnounUS /ˈfriːdəm/

the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

geniusnounUS /ˈdʒiːnjəs/

someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

goesnounUS /ɡoʊz/

plural of “go” — a time period for working (after which you will be relieved by someone else)

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

guidingadjectiveUS /ˈɡaɪdɪŋ/

exerting control or influence

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But in the process very much has been lost.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

Julius

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

lendverbUS /lend/

bestow a quality on

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

limitationsnounUS /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “limitation” — a principle that limits the extent of something

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading But in the process very much has been lost.

massesnounUS /ˈmæsəz/

the common people generally

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

masterynounUS /ˈmæstəri/

great skillfulness and knowledge of some subject or activity

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

moribundadjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəbənd/

not growing or changing; without force or vitality

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading But in the process very much has been lost.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

neutralisedadjective

made neutral in some respect; deprived of distinctive characteristics

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

OldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

OrdernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

possibilitiesnounUS /ˌpɑːsəˈbɪlətiz/

plural of “possibility” — a future prospect or potential

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

principlenounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəl/

a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

problemnounUS /ˈprɑːbləm/

a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

processverbUS /ˈprɑːses/

subject to a process or treatment, with the aim of readying for some purpose, improving, or remedying a condition

From this reading But in the process very much has been lost.

quiteadverbUS /kwaɪt/

to a degree (not used with a negative)

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

representverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzent/

take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

self-consciousnessnounUS /ˌselfˈkɑːnʃəsnəs/

embarrassment deriving from the feeling that others are critically aware of you

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

serveverbUS /sɜːrv/

serve a purpose, role, or function

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

settingnounUS /ˈsetɪŋ/

the context and environment in which something is set

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

smalleradjectiveUS /ˈsmɔːlər/

small or little relative to something else

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

solutionnounUS /səˈluːʃən/

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid solution

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

struggleverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəl/

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

successnounUS /səkˈses/

an event that accomplishes its intended purpose

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

temporaryadjectiveUS /ˈtempəreri/

not permanent; not lasting

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE ASSOCIATES OF ANTONY The political setting of _Julius Caesar_ had been the struggle between the Old Order and the New.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading But in the process very much has been lost.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading In _Antony and Cleopatra_ we see how its mastery is established and confirmed despite the faults and limitations of the smaller men who now represent it.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The old principle of freedom, which, even when moribund, serve to lend both the masses and the classes activity and self-consciousness, has quite disappeared.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The Old goes out with a final and temporary flare of success; the New asserts itself as the necessary solution for the problem of the time, but is deprived of its guiding genius who might best have elicited its possibilities for good and neutralised its possibilities for evil.

Chapter 12 of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background by Mungo William, Sir MacCallum holds 379 sentences, grouped into 76 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 12 of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background contain?

Chapter 12 holds 379 sentences of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background, unabridged, divided into 76 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 12 of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background by Mungo William, Sir MacCallum exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 379 sentences, grouped into 76 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 12 of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background?

Work through the 76 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 76 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 12 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 12 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background

Common questions about reading Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background by Mungo William, Sir MacCallum on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background section by section

How to work through Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 0 chapters of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background

Words and structures a reader meets early in Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
One of the 0 chapters of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of Shakespeare's Roman plays and their background, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.