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Shorter Novels, Vol. 3
Shorter Novels, Vol. 3

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3 is here in full — 50 sentences across 10 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/10 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.
In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.
An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.
Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.
The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Shorter Novels, Vol. 3

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3 is here in full — 50 sentences across 10 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.
Line 2
In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.
Line 3
An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.
Line 4
Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.
Line 5
The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

allayed verb US /əˈleɪd/

past form of “allay” — lessen the intensity of or calm

From this reading “An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.”

benefits noun US /ˈbenəfɪts/

plural of “benefit” — financial assistance in time of need

From this reading “An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.”

debased adjective US /dəˈbeɪst/

mixed with impurities

From this reading “An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.”

discord noun US /ˈdɪskɔːrd/

lack of agreement or harmony

From this reading ““In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.”

factions noun US /ˈfækʃənz/

plural of “faction” — a clique (often secret) that seeks power usually through intrigue

From this reading ““In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.”

feuds noun US /fjuːdz/

plural of “feud” — a bitter quarrel between two parties

From this reading ““Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.”

revolutions noun US /ˌrevəˈluːʃənz/

plural of “revolution” — a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

From this reading ““In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.”

rivals noun US /ˈraɪvəlz/

plural of “rival” — the contestant you hope to defeat

From this reading “An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

short time adjective + noun

In this reading “An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.”

PRIVATE LIFE adjective + noun

In this reading “THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.”

by degrees preposition + noun counted as “by degree”

In this reading ““Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.”

some place adjective + noun

In this reading ““Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.”

All words in this reading · 115

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

actverbUS /ækt/

perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

allayedverbUS /əˈleɪd/

past form of “allay” — lessen the intensity of or calm

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

AndeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

appropriateverbUS /əˈproʊpriət/

give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

artifices

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

attentionnounUS /əˈtenʃən/

the process whereby a person concentrates on some features of the environment to the (relative) exclusion of others

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

benefitsnounUS /ˈbenəfɪts/

plural of “benefit” — financial assistance in time of need

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

betrayverbUS /bɪˈtreɪ/

reveal unintentionally

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

brother'snounUS /ˈbrʌðərz/

possessive form of “brother” — a male with the same parents as someone else

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

childnounUS /tʃaɪld/

a young person of either sex

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

commonlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːmənli/

under normal conditions

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

concertnounUS /ˈkɑːnsərt/

a performance of music by players or singers not involving theatrical staging

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

confidencenounUS /ˈkɑːnfədəns/

freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

constantadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːnstənt/

unvarying in nature

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

CONTINUESverbUS /kənˈtɪnjuːz/

third-person singular of “continue” — continue a certain state, condition, or activity

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

contraryadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːntreri/

very opposed in nature or character or purpose

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

crimenounUS /kraɪm/

(criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

debasedadjectiveUS /dəˈbeɪst/

mixed with impurities

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

degreesnounUS /dɪˈɡriːz/

plural of “degree” — a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

despondencenoun

feeling downcast and disheartened and hopeless

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

discordnounUS /ˈdɪskɔːrd/

lack of agreement or harmony

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

effectsnounUS /ɪˈfekts/

property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

endeavours

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

envynounUS /ˈenvi/

a feeling of grudging admiration and desire to have something that is possessed by another

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

equalverbUS /ˈiːkwəl/

be identical or equivalent to

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

esteemnounUS /əˈstiːm/

the condition of being honored (esteemed or respected or well regarded)

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

expectationnounUS /ˌekspekˈteɪʃən/

belief about (or mental picture of) the future

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

expectsverbUS /ɪkˈspekts/

third-person singular of “expect” — regard something as probable or likely

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

experienceverbUS /ɪkˈspɪriəns/

undergo or live through a difficult experience

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

exposedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspoʊzd/

with no protection or shield

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

factionsnounUS /ˈfækʃənz/

plural of “faction” — a clique (often secret) that seeks power usually through intrigue

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

familiesnounUS /ˈfæməliz/

plural of “family” — a social unit living together

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

feudsnounUS /fjuːdz/

plural of “feud” — a bitter quarrel between two parties

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

filledadjectiveUS /fɪld/

(usually followed by “with” or used as a combining form) generously supplied with

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

fixedadjectiveUS /fɪkst/

(of a number) having a fixed and unchanging value

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

follynounUS /ˈfɑːli/

the trait of acting stupidly or rashly

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

fondnessnounUS /ˈfɑːndnəs/

a predisposition to like something

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

gratitudenounUS /ˈɡrætətuːd/

a feeling of thankfulness and appreciation

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

HERdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

hopenounUS /hoʊp/

a specific instance of feeling hopeful

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

Imlac

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

infancynounUS /ˈɪnfənsi/

the early stage of growth or development

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

kindnessnounUS /ˈkaɪndnəs/

the quality of being warmhearted and considerate and humane and sympathetic

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

kingdomnounUS /ˈkɪŋdəm/

a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

LIFEnounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

likewiseadverbUS /ˈlaɪkwaɪz/

in like or similar manner

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

mothernounUS /ˈmʌðər/

a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

narrativenounUS /ˈnærətɪv/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

naturallyadverbUS /ˈnætʃərəli/

as might be expected

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

Nekayah

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

observernounUS /əbˈzɜːrvər/

a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

opinionsnounUS /əˈpɪnjənz/

plural of “opinion” — a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

oppositeadjectiveUS /ˈɑːpəzət/

being directly across from each other; facing

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

parentsnounUS /ˈperənts/

plural of “parent” — a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

perceivingverbUS /pərˈsiːvɪŋ/

-ing form of “perceive” — to become aware of through the senses

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

povertynounUS /ˈpɑːvərti/

the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

PRINCESSnounUS /ˈprɪn.ses/

The daughter of a monarch; a female member of a royal family.

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

PRIVATEadjectiveUS /ˈpraɪvət/

confined to particular persons or groups or providing privacy

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

proceededverbUS /prəˈsiːdɪd/

past form of “proceed” — continue talking

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

REMARKSnounUS /rɪˈmɑːrks/

plural of “remark” — a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

reproaches

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

revolutionsnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃənz/

plural of “revolution” — a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

rivalsnounUS /ˈraɪvəlz/

plural of “rival” — the contestant you hope to defeat

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

seldomadverbUS /ˈseldəm/

not often

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

tellsnounUS /telz/

plural of “tell” — a Swiss patriot who lived in the early 14th century and who was renowned for his skill as an archer

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

temptationnounUS /temˈteɪʃən/

something that seduces or has the quality to seduce

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

thusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

tornadjectiveUS /tɔːrn/

having edges that are jagged from injury

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

unpractisedadjective

not having had extensive practice

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

UPONprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE Nekayah, perceiving her brother’s attention fixed, proceeded in her narrative.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading “In families, where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord: if a kingdom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy: in a short time the children become rivals to their parents; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading “Parents and children seldom act in concert: each child endeavours to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their children; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees the house is filled with artifices and feuds.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading “The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite, by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of expectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side.

Chapter 20 of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3 by Samuel Johnson holds 50 sentences, grouped into 10 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3 contain?

Chapter 20 holds 50 sentences of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3, unabridged, divided into 10 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3 by Samuel Johnson exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 50 sentences, grouped into 10 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3?

Work through the 10 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 10 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Shorter Novels, Vol. 3

Common questions about reading Shorter Novels, Vol. 3 by Samuel Johnson on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3?

Yes. All 5116 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #34766 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #34766, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Shorter Novels, Vol. 3 take to read?

About 426 minutes of reading across 1024 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Shorter Novels, Vol. 3 section by section

How to work through Shorter Novels, Vol. 3 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Shorter Novels, Vol. 3

Words and structures a reader meets early in Shorter Novels, Vol. 3, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Contains
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Several
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Unicode
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Characters
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Shorter Novels, Vol. 3; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.