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Shoulder to shoulder
Shoulder to shoulder

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of Shoulder to shoulder is here in full — 179 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/35 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.
Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.
Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.
Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.
I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Shoulder to shoulder

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of Shoulder to shoulder is here in full — 179 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/35 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.
Line 2
Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.
/ˈpraɪvət dʒɑːn ˈrɑːbərtsən hæd bɪn fɔːr θriː hoʊl mʌnθs ɪn fɔːrt dʒɔːrdʒ ənd ˈdrɪlɪŋ ˈevəri deɪ/
Line 3
Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.
/jes ðoʊz wɜːr ˈstɜːrɪŋ taɪmz ənd ˈsoʊldʒərz wɜːr soʊ ˈvæljəbəl ðæt ðeɪ hæd fɪˈɡjʊrətɪvli ˈspiːkɪŋ tuː biː meɪd baɪ məˈʃiːnəri/
Line 4
Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.
Line 5
I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.
/aɪ θɪŋk ðæt frʌm ðə ˈveri fɜːrst maɪ ˈɡrændfɑːðər kənˈsɪdərd hɪmˈself ˈbetər ɪn ˈevəri weɪ ðæn ðə lædz hiː wɑːz drɪld wɪð/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

drill verb US /drɪl/

make a hole, especially with a pointed power or hand tool

From this reading “FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.”

drilled adjective US /drɪld/

trained in a skill by repetitious practice

From this reading “Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.”

drilling noun US /ˈdrɪlɪŋ/

the act of drilling

From this reading “Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.”

edinburgh noun US /ˈedənbəroʊ/

the capital of Scotland; located in the Lothian Region on the south side of the Firth of Forth

From this reading “FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.”

figuratively adverb US /fɪˈɡjʊrətɪvli/

in a figurative sense

From this reading “Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.”

Robertson noun US /ˈrɑːbərtsən/

United States basketball guard (born in 1938)

From this reading “Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.”

squad noun US /skwɑːd/

a smallest army unit

From this reading “Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.”

trooper noun US /ˈtruːpər/

a soldier in a motorized army unit

From this reading “FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

stirring times noun + noun

In this reading “Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.”

first time adjective + noun

In this reading “Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.”

whole months adjective + noun counted as “whole month”

In this reading “Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.”

for three preposition + noun

In this reading “Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.”

All words in this reading · 78

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

ANdeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

ARMSnounUS /ɑːrmz/

weapons considered collectively

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

awkwardadjectiveUS /ˈɑːkwərd/

causing inconvenience

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

CASTLEnounUS /ˈkæsəl/

a large and stately mansion

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

consideredadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərd/

carefully weighed

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

DRILLverbUS /drɪl/

make a hole, especially with a pointed power or hand tool

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

drilledadjectiveUS /drɪld/

trained in a skill by repetitious practice

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

drillingnounUS /ˈdrɪlɪŋ/

the act of drilling

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

EDINBURGHnounUS /ˈedənbəroʊ/

the capital of Scotland; located in the Lothian Region on the south side of the Firth of Forth

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

ENnounUS /en/

half the width of an em

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

figurativelyadverbUS /fɪˈɡjʊrətɪvli/

in a figurative sense

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

FIRSTadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

FORprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

FortnounUS /fɔːrt/

a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

GeorgenounUS /dʒɔːrdʒ/

Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

grandfathernounUS /ˈɡrændfɑːðər/

the father of your father or mother

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

Jockie

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

JohnnounUS /dʒɑːn/

a room or building equipped with one or more toilets

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

ladsnounUS /lædz/

plural of “lad” — a boy or man

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

likesnounUS /laɪks/

plural of “like” — a similar kind

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

machinerynounUS /məˈʃiːnəri/

machines or machine systems collectively

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

MONTHSnounUS /mʌnθs/

plural of “month” — one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

NobodypronounUS /ˈnoʊbɑːdiː/

no person; not anyone

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

OLD-TIMEadjective

attractively old-fashioned (but not necessarily authentic)

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

PASSAGEnounUS /ˈpæsədʒ/

the act of passing from one state or place to the next

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

PLEASUREnounUS /ˈpleʒər/

a fundamental feeling that is hard to define but that people desire to experience

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

PrivateadjectiveUS /ˈpraɪvət/

confined to particular persons or groups or providing privacy

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

Raws

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

RobertsonnounUS /ˈrɑːbərtsən/

United States basketball guard (born in 1938)

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

ROUTEnounUS /ruːt/

an established line of travel or access

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

SOLDIER-LIFE

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

soldiersnounUS /ˈsoʊldʒərz/

plural of “soldier” — an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

speakingnounUS /ˈspiːkɪŋ/

the utterance of intelligible speech

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

squadnounUS /skwɑːd/

a smallest army unit

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

stirringnounUS /ˈstɜːrɪŋ/

agitating a liquid with an implement

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

TROOPERnounUS /ˈtruːpər/

a soldier in a motorized army unit

From this reading FIRST MONTHS OF SOLDIER-LIFE--THE PLEASURE OF DRILL--A PASSAGE OF ARMS--EN ROUTE FOR EDINBURGH CASTLE--AN OLD-TIME TROOPER.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading Nobody likes to be drilled for the first time, or to form part in the awkward squad of "Jockie Raws" as they used to be called.

valuableadjectiveUS /ˈvæljəbəl/

having great material or monetary value especially for use or exchange

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading Private John Robertson had been for three whole months in Fort George, and drilling every day.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading I think that from the very first my grandfather considered himself better in every way than the lads he was drilled with.

YesnounUS /jes/

an affirmative

From this reading Yes, those were stirring times, and soldiers were so valuable that they had, figuratively speaking, to be made by machinery.

Chapter 12 of Shoulder to shoulder by Gordon Stables holds 179 sentences, grouped into 36 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 12 of Shoulder to shoulder contain?

Chapter 12 holds 179 sentences of Shoulder to shoulder, unabridged, divided into 36 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 12 of Shoulder to shoulder by Gordon Stables exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 179 sentences, grouped into 36 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 12 of Shoulder to shoulder?

Work through the 36 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 36 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 12 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 12 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Shoulder to shoulder

Common questions about reading Shoulder to shoulder by Gordon Stables on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Shoulder to shoulder?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Shoulder to shoulder is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Shoulder to shoulder take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Shoulder to shoulder

Words and structures a reader meets early in Shoulder to shoulder, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of Shoulder to shoulder, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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