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Shoulder to shoulder
Shoulder to shoulder

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of Shoulder to shoulder is here in full — 148 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Shoulder to shoulder
Context Illustration Reading 1/29 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.
The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.
Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.
The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."
Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Shoulder to shoulder

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of Shoulder to shoulder is here in full — 148 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/29 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.
Line 2
The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.
Line 3
Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.
Line 4
The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."
Line 5
Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.
/ˈmiːnwaɪl ˌhaʊˈevər ʃɪps wɜːr ˈbiːɪŋ bɪlt ənd ˈɡʌnboʊts tuː boʊθ fɔːr ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ənd əˈmerəkənz tuː floʊt ənd faɪt ɑːn ðə ɡreɪt ˈɪnlænd siːz ənd leɪks ənd ðɪs wɪð ðə ˌɪnˈtentʃən ɑːn ðə əˈmerəkən saɪd tuː meɪk wʌn mɔːr ˈefərt tuː ˈkɑːŋkər ˈkænədə ɪn ðə ˈensuːɪŋ sprɪŋ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

abortive adjective US /əˈbɔːrtɪv/

failing to accomplish an intended result

From this reading “Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.”

ensuing adjective US /ˈensuːɪŋ/

following immediately and as a result of what went before

From this reading “Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.”

Erie noun US /ˈɪri/

a member of an Iroquoian people formerly living on the south shore of Lake Erie in northern Ohio and northwest Pennsylvania and western New York

From this reading “Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.”

gunboats noun US /ˈɡʌnboʊts/

plural of “gunboat” — a small shallow-draft boat carrying mounted guns; used by costal patrols

From this reading “Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.”

inland adjective US /ˈɪnlænd/

situated away from an area's coast or border

From this reading “Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.”

investment noun US /ˌɪnˈvestmənt/

the act of investing; laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit

From this reading “The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."”

red-eye verb US /ˈredaɪ/

travel on an overnight flight

From this reading “RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.”

reinforced adjective US /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːrst/

given added strength or support

From this reading “The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

five hundred noun + noun

the cardinal number that is the product of one hundred and five

In this reading “Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.”

during the remainder preposition + article + noun counted as “during … remainder”

In this reading “The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."”

inland seas adjective + noun counted as “inland sea”

an arm of the Pacific Ocean in southern Japan; surrounded by the islands of Honshu and Shikoku and Kyushu and linked to the Sea of Japan by a narrow channel; the chief port is Hiroshima

In this reading “Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.”

perfectly useless adverb + adjective

In this reading “The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."”

about five preposition + noun

In this reading “Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.”

in a corner preposition + article + noun counted as “in … corner”

In this reading “The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."”

with the intention preposition + article + noun counted as “with … intention”

In this reading “Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.”

KILLED BY verb + particle counted as “kill by”

In this reading “RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.”

All words in this reading · 105

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

15

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

1814

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

abortiveadjectiveUS /əˈbɔːrtɪv/

failing to accomplish an intended result

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

ADVENTUREverbUS /ædˈventʃər/

take a risk in the hope of a favorable outcome

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

Alison

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

althoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

AmericansnounUS /əˈmerəkənz/

plural of “american” — a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

assaultnounUS /əˈsɔːlt/

close fighting during the culmination of a military attack

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

attacknounUS /əˈtæk/

(military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons)

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

BADadjectiveUS /bæd/

having undesirable or negative qualities

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

BEARverbUS /ber/

have

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

builtadjectiveUS /bɪlt/

(used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

BYprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

campaignnounUS /kæmˈpeɪn/

a race between candidates for elective office

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

CanadanounUS /ˈkænədə/

a nation in northern North America; the French were the first Europeans to settle in mainland Canada

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

CHIEFnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

closeradverbUS /ˈkloʊsər/

(comparative of “near” or “close”) within a shorter distance

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

conquerverbUS /ˈkɑːŋkər/

bring under control by force or authority

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

contentedadjectiveUS /kənˈtentəd/

satisfied or showing satisfaction with things as they are

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

cooping

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

cornernounUS /ˈkɔːrnər/

a place off to the side of an area

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

daredverbUS /derd/

past form of “dare” — take upon oneself; act presumptuously, without permission

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

drawingnounUS /ˈdrɔːɪŋ/

an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book, magazine, or newspaper

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

Drummond's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

effortnounUS /ˈefərt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

endedadjectiveUS /ˈendəd/

having come or been brought to a conclusion

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

ensuingadjectiveUS /ˈensuːɪŋ/

following immediately and as a result of what went before

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

ErienounUS /ˈɪri/

a member of an Iroquoian people formerly living on the south shore of Lake Erie in northern Ohio and northwest Pennsylvania and western New York

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

fightverbUS /faɪt/

be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

fivenounUS /faɪv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

floatverbUS /floʊt/

be in motion due to some air or water current

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

FortnounUS /fɔːrt/

a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

GeneraladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

gunboatsnounUS /ˈɡʌnboʊts/

plural of “gunboat” — a small shallow-draft boat carrying mounted guns; used by costal patrols

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

INDIANadjectiveUS /ˈɪndiən/

of or relating to or characteristic of India or the East Indies or their peoples or languages or cultures

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

INDIANSnounUS /ˈɪndiənz/

plural of “indian” — a native or inhabitant of India

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

inlandadjectiveUS /ˈɪnlænd/

situated away from an area's coast or border

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

intentionnounUS /ˌɪnˈtentʃən/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

investmentnounUS /ˌɪnˈvestmənt/

the act of investing; laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

KILLEDverbUS /kɪld/

past form of “kill” — cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

lakesnounUS /leɪks/

plural of “lake” — a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

MeanwhileadverbUS /ˈmiːnwaɪl/

at the same time but in another place

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

NEWSnounUS /nuːz/

information about recent and important events

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

ORconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

perfectlyadverbUS /ˈpɜːrfəktli/

completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

RED-EYEverbUS /ˈredaɪ/

travel on an overnight flight

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

reinforcedadjectiveUS /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːrst/

given added strength or support

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

remaindernounUS /rɪˈmeɪndər/

something left after other parts have been taken away

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

renderedverbUS /ˈrendərd/

past form of “render” — cause to become

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

saysnounUS /sez/

plural of “say” — the chance to speak

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

seasnounUS /siːz/

plural of “sea” — a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

shipsnounUS /ʃɪps/

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

springnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

STOLENverbUS /ˈstoʊlən/

inflected form of “steal” — take without the owner's consent

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

TERRIBLEadjectiveUS /ˈterəbəl/

causing fear or dread or terror

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

territorynounUS /ˈterɪtɔːri/

a region marked off for administrative or other purposes

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading Meanwhile, however, ships were being built, and gunboats too, both for the British and Americans to float and fight on the great inland seas and lakes, and this with the intention on the American side to make one more effort to conquer Canada in the ensuing spring.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

UpperadjectiveUS /ˈʌpər/

the topmost one of two

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

uselessadjectiveUS /ˈjuːsləs/

having no beneficial use or incapable of functioning usefully

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading The general, although reinforced, dared not attack again, "but," as Alison says, "contented himself with drawing closer the investment, and cooping the large American army up in a corner of British territory, where they were rendered perfectly useless during the remainder of the campaign."

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading The war in Upper Canada may be said to have ended before the winter of 1814-15.

WITHprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading RED-EYE, THE INDIAN CHIEF--A TERRIBLE ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR--BAD NEWS!--STOLEN OR KILLED BY INDIANS.

woundednounUS /ˈwuːndɪd/

people who are wounded

From this reading Ended indeed in General Drummond's terrible but abortive attack or assault on Fort Erie, in which he lost about five hundred in killed and wounded.

Chapter 31 of Shoulder to shoulder by Gordon Stables holds 148 sentences, grouped into 30 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Shoulder to shoulder contain?

Chapter 31 holds 148 sentences of Shoulder to shoulder, unabridged, divided into 30 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Shoulder to shoulder by Gordon Stables exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 148 sentences, grouped into 30 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Shoulder to shoulder?

Work through the 30 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 30 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Shoulder to shoulder

Common questions about reading Shoulder to shoulder by Gordon Stables on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Shoulder to shoulder?

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Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in Shoulder to shoulder

Words and structures a reader meets early in Shoulder to shoulder, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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