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Sink or Swim
Sink or Swim

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Sink or Swim is here in full — 132 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/26 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE BATTLE OF THE CLIFF.
Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.
There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.
After a time two of the Horatii lay dead upon the field.
The third, unhurt, found himself opposed to three adversaries, all of whom, however, were wounded.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Sink or Swim

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Sink or Swim is here in full — 132 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/26 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE BATTLE OF THE CLIFF.
/ðə ˈbætəl ʌv ðə klɪf/
Line 2
Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.
Line 3
There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.
/ðer wɜːr θriː ˈbrʌðərz ɑːn iːtʃ saɪd ənd ðə ˈkɑːntest bɪˈtwiːn ðem wɑːz tuː ˌdɪˈsaɪd ðə ˈfɔːrtʃənz ʌv ðə ˈɑːrmiz tuː wɪtʃ ðeɪ rɪˈspektɪvli bɪˈlɔːŋd/
Line 4
After a time two of the Horatii lay dead upon the field.
Line 5
The third, unhurt, found himself opposed to three adversaries, all of whom, however, were wounded.
/ðə θɜːrd ənˈhɜːrt faʊnd hɪmˈself əˈpoʊzd tuː θriː ˈædvərseriz ɔːl ʌv huːm ˌhaʊˈevər wɜːr ˈwuːndɪd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

adversaries noun US /ˈædvərseriz/

plural of “adversary” — someone who offers opposition

From this reading “The third, unhurt, found himself opposed to three adversaries, all of whom, however, were wounded.”

armies noun US /ˈɑːrmiz/

plural of “army” — a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading “There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.”

combat noun US /ˈkɑːmbæt/

an engagement fought between two military forces

From this reading “Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.”

contest noun US /ˈkɑːntest/

an occasion on which a winner is selected from among two or more contestants

From this reading “There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.”

histories noun US /ˈhɪstəriz/

plural of “history” — the aggregate of past events

From this reading “Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.”

memorable adjective US /ˈmemərəbəl/

worth remembering

From this reading “Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.”

respectively adverb US /rɪˈspektɪvli/

in the order given

From this reading “There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.”

unhurt adjective US /ənˈhɜːrt/

not injured or harmed

From this reading “The third, unhurt, found himself opposed to three adversaries, all of whom, however, were wounded.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

lay dead verb + adjective

In this reading “After a time two of the Horatii lay dead upon the field.”

All words in this reading · 58

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading After a time two of the Horatii lay dead upon the field.

adversariesnounUS /ˈædvərseriz/

plural of “adversary” — someone who offers opposition

From this reading The third, unhurt, found himself opposed to three adversaries, all of whom, however, were wounded.

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading After a time two of the Horatii lay dead upon the field.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

armiesnounUS /ˈɑːrmiz/

plural of “army” — a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

BATTLEnounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading THE BATTLE OF THE CLIFF.

belongedverbUS /bɪˈlɔːŋd/

past form of “belong” — be owned by; be in the possession of

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

brothersnounUS /ˈbrʌðərz/

plural of “brother” — a male with the same parents as someone else

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

CLIFFnounUS /klɪf/

a steep high face of rock

From this reading THE BATTLE OF THE CLIFF.

combatnounUS /ˈkɑːmbæt/

an engagement fought between two military forces

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

contestnounUS /ˈkɑːntest/

an occasion on which a winner is selected from among two or more contestants

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

Curiatii

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

deadadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading After a time two of the Horatii lay dead upon the field.

decideverbUS /ˌdɪˈsaɪd/

reach, make, or come to a decision about something

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

doubtnounUS /daʊt/

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

familiaradjectiveUS /fəˈmɪljər/

well known or easily recognized

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading After a time two of the Horatii lay dead upon the field.

fortunesnounUS /ˈfɔːrtʃənz/

plural of “fortune” — an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading The third, unhurt, found himself opposed to three adversaries, all of whom, however, were wounded.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading The third, unhurt, found himself opposed to three adversaries, all of whom, however, were wounded.

historiesnounUS /ˈhɪstəriz/

plural of “history” — the aggregate of past events

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

Horatii

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading The third, unhurt, found himself opposed to three adversaries, all of whom, however, were wounded.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading After a time two of the Horatii lay dead upon the field.

memorableadjectiveUS /ˈmemərəbəl/

worth remembering

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE BATTLE OF THE CLIFF.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

opposedadjectiveUS /əˈpoʊzd/

being in opposition or having an opponent

From this reading The third, unhurt, found himself opposed to three adversaries, all of whom, however, were wounded.

readersnounUS /ˈriːdərz/

plural of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

respectivelyadverbUS /rɪˈspektɪvli/

in the order given

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

SomeadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE BATTLE OF THE CLIFF.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

thirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading The third, unhurt, found himself opposed to three adversaries, all of whom, however, were wounded.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading After a time two of the Horatii lay dead upon the field.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

toldverbUS /toʊld/

inflected form of “tell” — express in words

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading After a time two of the Horatii lay dead upon the field.

unhurtadjectiveUS /ənˈhɜːrt/

not injured or harmed

From this reading The third, unhurt, found himself opposed to three adversaries, all of whom, however, were wounded.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading After a time two of the Horatii lay dead upon the field.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading There were three brothers on each side, and the contest between them was to decide the fortunes of the armies to which they respectively belonged.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The third, unhurt, found himself opposed to three adversaries, all of whom, however, were wounded.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Some of my readers are no doubt familiar with the memorable combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii, told in all the Roman histories.

woundednounUS /ˈwuːndɪd/

people who are wounded

From this reading The third, unhurt, found himself opposed to three adversaries, all of whom, however, were wounded.

Chapter 8 of Sink or Swim by Horatio, Jr. Alger holds 132 sentences, grouped into 27 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Sink or Swim contain?

Chapter 8 holds 132 sentences of Sink or Swim, unabridged, divided into 27 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Sink or Swim by Horatio, Jr. Alger exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 132 sentences, grouped into 27 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Sink or Swim?

Work through the 27 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 27 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Sink or Swim

Common questions about reading Sink or Swim by Horatio, Jr. Alger on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Sink or Swim?

Yes. All 4592 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #59517 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Sink or Swim is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #59517, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Sink or Swim take to read?

About 382 minutes of reading across 919 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Sink or Swim section by section

How to work through Sink or Swim section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 36 chapters of Sink or Swim to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Sink or Swim

Words and structures a reader meets early in Sink or Swim, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Vernon
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Sink or Swim; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
School
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Sink or Swim; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Survive
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Sink or Swim; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Perish
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Sink or Swim; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.