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Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses
Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses

Chapter V

Chapter 5 of Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses is here in full — 447 sentences across 90 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/89 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.
He was both the first and the greatest master of this art.
By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.
His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.
When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses

Chapter V

Chapter 5 of Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses is here in full — 447 sentences across 90 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/89 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.
/ɪt ɪz tuː ˈtɪʃən wiː mʌst tɜːrn ˈaʊər aɪz tuː faɪnd ˈeksələns wɪð rɪˈɡɑːrd tuː ˈkʌlər ənd laɪt ənd ʃeɪd ɪn ðə ˈhaɪəst dɪˈɡriː/
Line 2
He was both the first and the greatest master of this art.
/hiː wɑːz boʊθ ðə fɜːrst ənd ðə ˈɡreɪtəst ˈmæstər ʌv ðɪs ɑːrt/
Line 3
By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.
Line 4
His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.
/hɪz ɡreɪt ker wɑːz tuː ɪkˈspres ðə ˈdʒenərəl ˈkʌlər tuː prəˈzɜːrv ðə ˈmæsəz ʌv laɪt ənd ʃeɪd ənd tuː ɡɪv baɪ ˌɑːpəˈzɪʃən ðə aɪˈdiːə ʌv ðæt səˈlɪdəti wɪtʃ ɪz ˌɪnˈsepərəbəl frʌm ˈnætʃərəl ˈɑːbdʒekts/
Line 5
When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

inseparable adjective US /ˌɪnˈsepərəbəl/

not capable of being separated

From this reading “His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.”

minutely adverb US /ˈmɪnətli/

in minute detail

From this reading “When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.”

predecessors noun US /ˈpredəsesərz/

plural of “predecessor” — one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office)

From this reading “By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.”

representation noun US /ˌreprəzenˈteɪʃən/

a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image

From this reading “By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.”

solidity noun US /səˈlɪdəti/

the consistency of a solid

From this reading “His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.”

Titian noun US /ˈtɪʃən/

old master of the Venetian school (1490-1576)

From this reading “It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.”

truer adjective US /ˈtruːər/

comparative of “true” — consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading “By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.”

unfinished adjective US /ənˈfɪnɪʃt/

not brought to the desired final state

From this reading “When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

highest degree adjective + noun counted as “high degree”

In this reading “It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.”

proper place adjective + noun

In this reading “When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.”

few strokes adjective + noun counted as “few stroke”

In this reading “By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.”

natural objects adjective + noun counted as “natural object”

an object occurring naturally; not made by man

In this reading “His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.”

great care adjective + noun

more attention and consideration than is normally bestowed by prudent persons

In this reading “His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.”

with regard preposition + noun

In this reading “It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.”

All words in this reading · 112

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

appearancenounUS /əˈpɪrəns/

outward or visible aspect of a person or thing

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

artauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading He was both the first and the greatest master of this art.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

attemptedadjectiveUS /əˈtemptɪd/

tried unsuccessfully

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

Bellino

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading He was both the first and the greatest master of this art.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

carenounUS /ker/

the work of providing treatment for or attending to someone or something

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

colouradjectiveUS /ˈkʌlər/

having or capable of producing colors

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

completeverbUS /kəmˈpliːt/

come or bring to a finish or an end

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

degreenounUS /dɪˈɡriː/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

detailnounUS /dɪˈteɪl/

an isolated fact that is considered separately from the whole

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

distancenounUS /ˈdɪstəns/

the property created by the space between two objects or points

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

effectnounUS /ɪˈfekt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

excellencenounUS /ˈeksələns/

the quality of excelling; possessing good qualities in high degree

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

expressverbUS /ɪkˈspres/

give expression to

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

falseadjectiveUS /fɔːls/

not in accordance with the fact or reality or actuality

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

finishedadjectiveUS /ˈfɪnɪʃt/

(of materials or goods) brought to the desired final state

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading He was both the first and the greatest master of this art.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

Giovanni

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

greatestadjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtəst/

highest in quality

From this reading He was both the first and the greatest master of this art.

hairnounUS /her/

a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head); helps to prevent heat loss

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was both the first and the greatest master of this art.

highestadjectiveUS /ˈhaɪəst/

superlative of “high” — greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

ideanounUS /aɪˈdiːə/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

imagenounUS /ˈɪmədʒ/

an iconic mental representation

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

inseparableadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈsepərəbəl/

not capable of being separated

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

labouredadjective

lacking natural ease

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

markverbUS /mɑːrk/

attach a tag or label to

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

massesnounUS /ˈmæsəz/

the common people generally

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

masternounUS /ˈmæstər/

an artist of consummate skill

From this reading He was both the first and the greatest master of this art.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

meritnounUS /ˈmerət/

any admirable quality or attribute

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

minutelyadverbUS /ˈmɪnətli/

in minute detail

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

naturaladjectiveUS /ˈnætʃərəl/

in accordance with nature; relating to or concerning nature

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

objectnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekt/

a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

objectsnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekts/

plural of “object” — a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading He was both the first and the greatest master of this art.

oppositionnounUS /ˌɑːpəˈzɪʃən/

the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

picturenounUS /ˈpɪktʃər/

a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

possessverbUS /pəˈzes/

have as an attribute, knowledge, or skill

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

predecessorsnounUS /ˈpredəsesərz/

plural of “predecessor” — one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office)

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

preserveverbUS /prəˈzɜːrv/

keep or maintain in unaltered condition; cause to remain or last

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

preservedadjectiveUS /prəˈzɜːrvd/

prevented from decaying or spoiling and prepared for future use

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

producedverbUS /prəˈduːst/

past form of “produce” — bring forth or yield

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

properadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːpər/

marked by suitability or rightness or appropriateness

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

regardnounUS /rɪˈɡɑːrd/

(usually preceded by “in”) a detail or point

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

representationnounUS /ˌreprəzenˈteɪʃən/

a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

shadenounUS /ʃeɪd/

relative darkness caused by light rays being intercepted by an opaque body

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

shownverbUS /ʃoʊn/

inflected form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

soliditynounUS /səˈlɪdəti/

the consistency of a solid

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

strokesnounUS /stroʊks/

plural of “stroke” — (sports) the act of swinging or striking at a ball with a club or racket or bat or cue or hand

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading He was both the first and the greatest master of this art.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

TitiannounUS /ˈtɪʃən/

old master of the Venetian school (1490-1576)

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

trueradjectiveUS /ˈtruːər/

comparative of “true” — consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

turnverbUS /tɜːrn/

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

unfinishedadjectiveUS /ənˈfɪnɪʃt/

not brought to the desired final state

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

wantingadjectiveUS /ˈwɑːntɪŋ/

nonexistent

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He was both the first and the greatest master of this art.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

whateverdeterminerUS /ˌwʌˈtevər/

any or all of a kind, it does not matter which

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading His great care was to express the general colour, to preserve the masses of light and shade, and to give by opposition the idea of that solidity which is inseparable from natural objects.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading By a few strokes he knew how to mark the general image and character of whatever object he attempted; and produced, by this alone, a truer representation than his master Giovanni Bellino, or any of his predecessors, who finished every hair.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It is to Titian we must turn our eyes to find excellence with regard to colour, and light and shade, in the highest degree.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading When those are preserved, though the work should possess no other merit, it will have in a proper place its complete effect; but where any of these are wanting, however minutely laboured the picture may be in the detail, the whole will have a false and even an unfinished appearance, at whatever distance, or in whatever light, it can be shown.

Chapter 5 of Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses by Joshua, Sir Reynolds holds 447 sentences, grouped into 90 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 5 of Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses contain?

Chapter 5 holds 447 sentences of Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses, unabridged, divided into 90 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 5 of Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses by Joshua, Sir Reynolds exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 447 sentences, grouped into 90 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 5 of Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses?

Work through the 90 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 90 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 5 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 5 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses

Common questions about reading Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses by Joshua, Sir Reynolds on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses?

Yes. All 2650 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #47610 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #47610, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses take to read?

About 220 minutes of reading across 530 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses section by section

How to work through Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses

Words and structures a reader meets early in Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Enclosed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Equal
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Signs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Helen
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.