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Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them
Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them is here in full — 542 sentences across 109 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them
Context Illustration Reading 76/108 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.
In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.
Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.
What shape it would draw is not at once evident.
First consider any of the elliptic sections (C, E, or F) which you see on either side of the circle.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them is here in full — 542 sentences across 109 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 76/108 · 5 reading units · Lines 376–380

Line 1
Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.
/naʊ ɪn iːtʃ ʌv ðiːz ˈsekʃənz ðer ɑːr ˈiːðər wʌn ɔːr tuː pɔɪnts iːtʃ ʌv wɪtʃ ɪz kɔːld ə ˈfoʊkəs ənd ðiːz ɑːr ˈɪndəkeɪtəd baɪ kənˈspɪkjuːəs dɑːts/
Line 2
In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.
Line 3
Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.
/naʊ ɪf ðɪs ˈsɜːrkəl ɪz meɪd tuː roʊl laɪk ə wiːl əˈlɔːŋ ðə streɪt laɪn drɔːn dʒʌst bɪˈloʊ ɪt ə ˈpensəl æt ðə ˈsentər wɪl ruːl ðə streɪt laɪn wɪtʃ ɪz ˈdɑːtəd ɪn ðə ˈloʊər pɑːrt ʌv ðə ˈfɪɡjər bʌt ɪf wiː wɜːr tuː meɪk wiːlz ʌv ðə ʃeɪps ʌv ˈeni ʌv ðə ˈʌðər ˈsekʃənz ə ˈpensəl æt ðə ˈfoʊkəs wʊd ˈsɜːrtənli nɑːt drɔː ə streɪt laɪn/
Line 4
What shape it would draw is not at once evident.
/wʌt ʃeɪp ɪt wʊd drɔː ɪz nɑːt æt wʌns ˈevədənt/
Line 5
First consider any of the elliptic sections (C, E, or F) which you see on either side of the circle.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

conspicuous adjective US /kənˈspɪkjuːəs/

obvious to the eye or mind

From this reading “Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.”

dots noun US /dɑːts/

plural of “dot” — a very small circular shape

From this reading “Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.”

dotted adjective US /ˈdɑːtəd/

having a pattern of dots

From this reading “Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.”

Fig noun US /fɪɡ/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading “In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.”

focus noun US /ˈfoʊkəs/

the concentration of attention or energy on something

From this reading “Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.”

pencil noun US /ˈpensəl/

a thin cylindrical pointed writing implement; a rod of marking substance encased in wood

From this reading “Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.”

sections noun US /ˈsekʃənz/

plural of “section” — a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical)

From this reading “Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.”

shapes noun US /ʃeɪps/

plural of “shape” — any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading “Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

lower part verb + noun

In this reading “Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.”

straight line adjective + noun

a line traced by a point traveling in a constant direction; a line of zero curvature

In this reading “Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.”

at once preposition + adverb

without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening

In this reading “What shape it would draw is not at once evident.”

indicated by verb + particle counted as “indicate by”

In this reading “Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.”

other sections adjective + noun counted as “other section”

In this reading “Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.”

In the case preposition + article + noun counted as “in … case”

In this reading “In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.”

wheels of verb + particle counted as “wheel of”

In this reading “Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.”

All words in this reading · 80

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

31

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

CnounUS /siː/

a degree on the centigrade scale of temperature

From this reading First consider any of the elliptic sections (C, E, or F) which you see on either side of the circle.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.

centrenounUS /ˈsentər/

a low-lying region in central France

From this reading In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.

certainlyadverbUS /ˈsɜːrtənli/

definitely or positively (“sure” is sometimes used informally for “surely”)

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

circlenounUS /ˈsɜːrkəl/

ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length; a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point

From this reading In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.

considerverbUS /kənˈsɪdər/

deem to be

From this reading First consider any of the elliptic sections (C, E, or F) which you see on either side of the circle.

conspicuousadjectiveUS /kənˈspɪkjuːəs/

obvious to the eye or mind

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

DnounUS /diː/

a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets

From this reading In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.

dotsnounUS /dɑːts/

plural of “dot” — a very small circular shape

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

dottedadjectiveUS /ˈdɑːtəd/

having a pattern of dots

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

drawverbUS /drɔː/

cause to move by pulling

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

drawnadjectiveUS /drɔːn/

showing the wearing effects of overwork or care or suffering

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

EnounUS /iː/

a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal reproduction; an important antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals in the body

From this reading First consider any of the elliptic sections (C, E, or F) which you see on either side of the circle.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

ellipticadjective

(of a leaf shape) in the form of an ellipse

From this reading First consider any of the elliptic sections (C, E, or F) which you see on either side of the circle.

evidentadjectiveUS /ˈevədənt/

clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment

From this reading What shape it would draw is not at once evident.

FnounUS /ef/

a degree on the Fahrenheit scale of temperature

From this reading First consider any of the elliptic sections (C, E, or F) which you see on either side of the circle.

FignounUS /fɪɡ/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.

figurenounUS /ˈfɪɡjər/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

FirstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading First consider any of the elliptic sections (C, E, or F) which you see on either side of the circle.

focusnounUS /ˈfoʊkəs/

the concentration of attention or energy on something

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

indicatedverbUS /ˈɪndəkeɪtəd/

past form of “indicate” — be a signal for or a symptom of

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading First consider any of the elliptic sections (C, E, or F) which you see on either side of the circle.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading What shape it would draw is not at once evident.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

pencilnounUS /ˈpensəl/

a thin cylindrical pointed writing implement; a rod of marking substance encased in wood

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.

pointsnounUS /pɔɪnts/

plural of “point” — a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

rollverbUS /roʊl/

move by turning over or rotating

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

rulenounUS /ruːl/

a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

sectionsnounUS /ˈsekʃənz/

plural of “section” — a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical)

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading First consider any of the elliptic sections (C, E, or F) which you see on either side of the circle.

shapenounUS /ʃeɪp/

any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading What shape it would draw is not at once evident.

shapesnounUS /ʃeɪps/

plural of “shape” — any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading First consider any of the elliptic sections (C, E, or F) which you see on either side of the circle.

straightadjectiveUS /streɪt/

successive (without a break)

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading In the case of the circle (D Fig. 31), this point is also the centre.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading What shape it would draw is not at once evident.

wheelverbUS /wiːl/

change directions as if revolving on a pivot

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

wheelsnounUS /wiːlz/

plural of “wheel” — a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle (as in vehicles or other machines)

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Now in each of these sections there are either one or two points, each of which is called a focus, and these are indicated by conspicuous dots.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Now if this circle is made to roll like a wheel along the straight line drawn just below it, a pencil at the centre will rule the straight line which is dotted in the lower part of the figure; but if we were to make wheels of the shapes of any of the other sections, a pencil at the focus would certainly not draw a straight line.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading First consider any of the elliptic sections (C, E, or F) which you see on either side of the circle.

Chapter 1 of Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them by C. V. (Charles Vernon) Boys holds 542 sentences, grouped into 109 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them contain?

Chapter 1 holds 542 sentences of Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them, unabridged, divided into 109 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them by C. V. (Charles Vernon) Boys exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 542 sentences, grouped into 109 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them?

Work through the 109 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 109 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them

Common questions about reading Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them by C. V. (Charles Vernon) Boys on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them?

Yes. All 1061 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #33370 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #33370, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them take to read?

About 88 minutes of reading across 213 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them section by section

How to work through Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them

Words and structures a reader meets early in Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Forces
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Mould
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Delivered
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Theatre
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.