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Southern Literature From 1579-1895
Southern Literature From 1579-1895

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Southern Literature From 1579-1895 is here in full — 401 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/80 · 5 lines
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THE GULF STREAM.
(_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.
So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level.
The Gulf Stream is of the first class.
In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Southern Literature From 1579-1895

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Southern Literature From 1579-1895 is here in full — 401 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/80 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE GULF STREAM.
/ðə ɡʌlf striːm/
Line 2
(_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.
/frʌm ˈseɪlɪŋ dərˈekʃənz ɪt ɪz nɑːt ˈnesəseri tuː əˈsoʊsiət wɪð ˌoʊʃiˈænɪk ˈkɜːrənts ðə aɪˈdiːə ðæt ðeɪ mʌst ʌv nəˈsesəti æz ɑːn lænd rʌn frʌm ə ˈhaɪər tuː ə ˈloʊər ˈlevəl/
Line 3
So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level.
Line 4
The Gulf Stream is of the first class.
/ðə ɡʌlf striːm ɪz ʌv ðə fɜːrst klæs/
Line 5
In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

associate verb US /əˈsoʊsiət/

make a logical or causal connection

From this reading “(_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.”

currents noun US /ˈkɜːrənts/

plural of “current” — a flow of electricity through a conductor

From this reading “(_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.”

gulf noun US /ɡʌlf/

an arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land; larger than a bay

From this reading “THE GULF STREAM.”

Institute verb US /ˈɪnstətuːt/

set up or lay the groundwork for

From this reading “In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.”

oceanic adjective US /ˌoʊʃiˈænɪk/

relating to or occurring or living in or frequenting the open ocean

From this reading “(_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.”

plane noun US /pleɪn/

an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets

From this reading “In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.”

theoretically adverb US /ˌθiːərˈetɪkəli/

in theory; according to the assumed facts

From this reading “In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.”

upwards adverb US /ˈʌpwərdz/

spatially or metaphorically from a lower to a higher position

All words in this reading · 61

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1844

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

actuallyadverbUS /ˈæktʃuːəli/

in actual fact

From this reading So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

associateverbUS /əˈsoʊsiət/

make a logical or causal connection

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level.

bottomnounUS /ˈbɑːtəm/

the lower side of anything

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading The Gulf Stream is of the first class.

currentsnounUS /ˈkɜːrənts/

plural of “current” — a flow of electricity through a conductor

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

DirectionsnounUS /dərˈekʃənz/

plural of “direction” — a line leading to a place or point

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The Gulf Stream is of the first class.

FromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

GULFnounUS /ɡʌlf/

an arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land; larger than a bay

From this reading THE GULF STREAM.

higheradjectiveUS /ˈhaɪər/

advanced in complexity or elaboration

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

ideanounUS /aɪˈdiːə/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

inclinedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈklaɪnd/

(often followed by “to”) having a preference, disposition, or tendency

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

InstituteverbUS /ˈɪnstətuːt/

set up or lay the groundwork for

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

levelnounUS /ˈlevəl/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

NationaladjectiveUS /ˈnæʃənəl/

of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

necessitynounUS /nəˈsesəti/

the condition of being essential or indispensable

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

oceanicadjectiveUS /ˌoʊʃiˈænɪk/

relating to or occurring or living in or frequenting the open ocean

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level.

oughtmodal verbUS /ɔːt/

used with “to” to say what is right or advisable

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

papernounUS /ˈpeɪpər/

a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

planenounUS /pleɪn/

an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

readverbUS /red/

interpret something that is written or printed

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

runverbUS /rʌn/

move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

runningadjectiveUS /ˈrʌnɪŋ/

(of fluids) moving or issuing in a stream

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

SailingnounUS /ˈseɪlɪŋ/

the work of a sailor

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level.

showedverbUS /ʃoʊd/

past form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

SoconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level.

STREAMnounUS /striːm/

a natural body of running water flowing on or under the earth

From this reading THE GULF STREAM.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE GULF STREAM.

theoreticallyadverbUS /ˌθiːərˈetɪkəli/

in theory; according to the assumed facts

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

up-hill

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level.

upwardsadverbUS /ˈʌpwərdz/

spatially or metaphorically from a lower to a higher position

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level.

whynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844, I showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running _upwards_.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading (_From Sailing Directions._) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level.

Chapter 8 of Southern Literature From 1579-1895 by Louise Manly holds 401 sentences, grouped into 81 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Southern Literature From 1579-1895 contain?

Chapter 8 holds 401 sentences of Southern Literature From 1579-1895, unabridged, divided into 81 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Southern Literature From 1579-1895 by Louise Manly exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 401 sentences, grouped into 81 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Southern Literature From 1579-1895?

Work through the 81 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 81 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Southern Literature From 1579-1895

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Is this the complete text of Southern Literature From 1579-1895?

Yes. All 9145 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #27279 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Southern Literature From 1579-1895 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #27279, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Southern Literature From 1579-1895 take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1829 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Southern Literature From 1579-1895

Words and structures a reader meets early in Southern Literature From 1579-1895, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Patrick
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Southern Literature From 1579-1895; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Henry
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Southern Literature From 1579-1895; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Against
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Southern Literature From 1579-1895; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
William
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Southern Literature From 1579-1895; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.