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Spanish Papers
Spanish Papers

Chapter XXV

Chapter 25 of Spanish Papers is here in full — 204 sentences across 41 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.
On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.
This was Mohammed ben Alhamar, or Aben Alhamar, as he is commonly called in history.
He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.
Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Spanish Papers

Chapter XXV

Chapter 25 of Spanish Papers is here in full — 204 sentences across 41 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/40 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.
Line 2
On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.
Line 3
This was Mohammed ben Alhamar, or Aben Alhamar, as he is commonly called in history.
Line 4
He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.
Line 5
Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Alhambra noun US /ælˈhæmbrə/

a fortified Moorish palace built near Granada by Muslim kings in the Middle Ages

From this reading “Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.”

befitting adjective US /bɪˈfɪtɪŋ/

appropriate to

From this reading “He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.”

Castro noun US /ˈkæstroʊ/

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

From this reading “Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.”

factions noun US /ˈfækʃənz/

plural of “faction” — a clique (often secret) that seeks power usually through intrigue

From this reading “On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.”

Granada noun US /ɡrəˈnɑːdə/

a city in southeastern Spain that was the capital of the Moorish kingdom until it was captured by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492

From this reading “Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.”

Hud noun US /hʌd/

the United States federal department that administers federal programs dealing with better housing and urban renewal; created in 1965

From this reading “On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.”

Smasher noun US /ˈsmæʃər/

a person who smashes something

From this reading “Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.”

Stratagem noun US /ˈstrætədʒəm/

a maneuver in a game or conversation

From this reading “Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Arrived at verb + particle counted as “arrive at”

reach a destination, either real or abstract

In this reading “Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.”

All words in this reading · 97

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

Aben

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

adversarynounUS /ˈædvərseri/

someone who offers opposition

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

alcayde

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

Alhamar

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

AlhambranounUS /ælˈhæmbrə/

a fortified Moorish palace built near Granada by Muslim kings in the Middle Ages

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

Alvar

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

appointedadjectiveUS /əˈpɔɪntɪd/

subject to appointment

From this reading Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

Arjona

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.

ArrivedverbUS /ərˈaɪvd/

past form of “arrive” — reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress

From this reading Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

AttemptsnounUS /əˈtempts/

plural of “attempt” — earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

befittingadjectiveUS /bɪˈfɪtɪŋ/

appropriate to

From this reading He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.

bennounUS /ben/

a mountain or tall hill

From this reading This was Mohammed ben Alhamar, or Aben Alhamar, as he is commonly called in history.

Beni

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.

benignitynoun

the quality of being kind and gentle

From this reading Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

brokenadjectiveUS /ˈbroʊkən/

physically and forcibly separated into pieces or cracked or split

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading This was Mohammed ben Alhamar, or Aben Alhamar, as he is commonly called in history.

CapitalnounUS /ˈkæpətəl/

assets available for use in the production of further assets

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

CastlenounUS /ˈkæsəl/

a large and stately mansion

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

CastronounUS /ˈkæstroʊ/

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

ChristiansnounUS /ˈkrɪstʃənz/

plural of “christian” — a religious person who believes Jesus is the Christ and who is a member of a Christian denomination

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

commonlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːmənli/

under normal conditions

From this reading This was Mohammed ben Alhamar, or Aben Alhamar, as he is commonly called in history.

CountverbUS /kaʊnt/

determine the number or amount of

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

DeathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

descentnounUS /dɪˈsent/

An action of moving downward, dropping, or falling into a deeper place.

From this reading He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.

Diego

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

distinguishedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/

(used of persons) standing above others in character or attainment or reputation

From this reading Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

educatedadjectiveUS /ˈedʒəkeɪtɪd/

possessing an education (especially having more than average knowledge)

From this reading He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.

factionsnounUS /ˈfækʃənz/

plural of “faction” — a clique (often secret) that seeks power usually through intrigue

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

formidableadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmədəbəl/

extremely impressive in strength or excellence

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

Fortifies

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

FortressnounUS /ˈfɔːrtrəs/

a fortified defensive structure

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

FoundernounUS /ˈfaʊndər/

inflammation of the laminated tissue that attaches the hoof to the foot of a horse

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

GranadanounUS /ɡrəˈnɑːdə/

a city in southeastern Spain that was the capital of the Moorish kingdom until it was captured by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading This was Mohammed ben Alhamar, or Aben Alhamar, as he is commonly called in history.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading This was Mohammed ben Alhamar, or Aben Alhamar, as he is commonly called in history.

HudnounUS /hʌd/

the United States federal department that administers federal programs dealing with better housing and urban renewal; created in 1965

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This was Mohammed ben Alhamar, or Aben Alhamar, as he is commonly called in history.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

Jaen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

justicenounUS /ˈdʒʌstəs/

the quality of being just or fair

From this reading Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

makesnounUS /meɪks/

plural of “make” — a recognizable kind

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

manlyadjectiveUS /ˈmænli/

possessing qualities befitting a man

From this reading Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

mannernounUS /ˈmænər/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.

Martos

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

mentionedverbUS /ˈmenʃənd/

past form of “mention” — make reference to

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

MohammednounUS /moʊˈhæmɪd/

the Arab prophet who, according to Islam, was the last messenger of Allah (570-632)

From this reading This was Mohammed ben Alhamar, or Aben Alhamar, as he is commonly called in history.

MoorishnounUS /ˈmʊrɪʃ/

a style of architecture common in Spain from the 13th to 16th centuries; characterized by horseshoe-shaped arches

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

Nasar

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.

nativeadjectiveUS /ˈneɪtɪv/

characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin

From this reading He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.

nobleadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊbəl/

impressive in appearance

From this reading He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading This was Mohammed ben Alhamar, or Aben Alhamar, as he is commonly called in history.

Perez

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

PerilnounUS /ˈperəl/

a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

racenounUS /reɪs/

any competition

From this reading He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.

ranknounUS /ræŋk/

a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another

From this reading He was a native of Arjona, of noble descent, being of the Beni Nasar, or race of Nasar, and had been educated in a manner befitting his rank.

rulenounUS /ruːl/

a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior

From this reading Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

saveprepositionUS /seɪv/

except for; apart from

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

SmashernounUS /ˈsmæʃər/

a person who smashes something

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

SpainnounUS /speɪn/

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

StratagemnounUS /ˈstrætədʒəm/

a maneuver in a game or conversation

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

surprisenounUS /sərˈpraɪz/

the astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This was Mohammed ben Alhamar, or Aben Alhamar, as he is commonly called in history.

threatenedadjectiveUS /ˈθretənd/

(of flora or fauna) likely in the near future to become endangered

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

unitedadjectiveUS /juːˈnaɪtɪd/

characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading On the death of Aben Hud, the Moorish power in Spain was broken up into factions, as has already been mentioned, but these factions were soon united under one head, who threatened to be a formidable adversary to the Christians.

Woman'snounUS /ˈwʊmənz/

possessive form of “woman” — an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading Aben Alhamar, Founder of the Alhambra.—Fortifies Granada and makes it his Capital.—Attempts to surprise the Castle of Martos.—Peril of the Fortress.—A Woman’s Stratagem to save it.—Diego Perez, the Smasher.—Death of Count Alvar Perez de Castro.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Arrived at manly years, he had been appointed alcayde of Arjona and Jaen, and had distinguished himself by the justice and benignity of his rule.

Chapter 25 of Spanish Papers by Washington Irving holds 204 sentences, grouped into 41 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 25 of Spanish Papers contain?

Chapter 25 holds 204 sentences of Spanish Papers, unabridged, divided into 41 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 25 of Spanish Papers by Washington Irving exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 204 sentences, grouped into 41 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 25 of Spanish Papers?

Work through the 41 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 41 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 25 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 25 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Spanish Papers

Common questions about reading Spanish Papers by Washington Irving on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Spanish Papers?

Yes. All 4679 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #50352 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Spanish Papers is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #50352, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Spanish Papers take to read?

About 389 minutes of reading across 936 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Spanish Papers section by section

How to work through Spanish Papers section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Spanish Papers

Words and structures a reader meets early in Spanish Papers, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Philadelphia
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Spanish Papers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lippincott
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Spanish Papers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Spanish
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Spanish Papers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Papers
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Spanish Papers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.