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Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1
Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1

Chapter IX · Chapter 9

Chapter 9 of Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1 is here in full — 275 sentences across 55 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/55 · 5 lines
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Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.
He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.
He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.
His language, however, was considerably modified to the prisoner.
He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1

Chapter IX · Chapter 9

Chapter 9 of Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1 is here in full — 275 sentences across 55 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/55 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.
/ˈrɔːli ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli wɑːz ərˈestɪd ənd sent bæk tuː hɪz oʊld ˈlɑːdʒɪŋz ɪn ðə ˈtaʊər/
Line 2
He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.
Line 3
He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.
/hiː wɑːz brɔːt bɪˈfɔːr ðə kɪŋz bentʃ wer hɪz oʊld ˈenəmi sɜːr ˈedwərd koʊk naʊ sæt æz tʃiːf ˈdʒʌstəs ənd əˈfɪʃəli kənˈdemd hɪm tuː deθ/
Line 4
His language, however, was considerably modified to the prisoner.
/hɪz ˈlæŋɡwədʒ ˌhaʊˈevər wɑːz kənˈsɪdərəbli ˈmɑːdəfaɪd tuː ðə ˈprɪzənər/
Line 5
He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.
/hiː sed aɪ noʊ juː hæv bɪn ˈvæl.jənt ənd waɪz ənd aɪ daʊt nɑːt bʌt juː rɪˈteɪn boʊθ ðiːz ˈvɜːrtʃuːz fɔːr naʊ juː ʃæl hæv əˈkeɪʒən tuː juːs ðem/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

amity noun US /ˈæmɪti/

a cordial disposition

From this reading “He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.”

Coke noun US /koʊk/

carbon fuel produced by distillation of coal

From this reading “He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.”

consummate verb US /ˈkɑːnsəmət/

fulfill sexually

From this reading “He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.”

meanness noun US /ˈmiːnnəs/

the quality of being deliberately mean

From this reading “He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.”

modified adjective US /ˈmɑːdəfaɪd/

changed in form or character

From this reading “His language, however, was considerably modified to the prisoner.”

officially adverb US /əˈfɪʃəli/

in an official role

From this reading “He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.”

Raleigh noun US /ˈrɔːli/

English courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia; introduced potatoes and tobacco to England (1552-1618)

From this reading “Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.”

waging verb US /ˈweɪdʒɪŋ/

-ing form of “wage” — carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns)

From this reading “He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.”

All words in this reading · 82

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

amitynounUS /ˈæmɪti/

a cordial disposition

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

arrestedverbUS /ərˈestɪd/

past form of “arrest” — take into custody

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

BenchnounUS /bentʃ/

a long seat for more than one person

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

ChiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

CokenounUS /koʊk/

carbon fuel produced by distillation of coal

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

condemnedverbUS /kənˈdemd/

past form of “condemn” — express strong disapproval of

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

consequentlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

considerablyadverbUS /kənˈsɪdərəbli/

to a great extent or degree

From this reading His language, however, was considerably modified to the prisoner.

consummateverbUS /ˈkɑːnsəmət/

fulfill sexually

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

crueltynounUS /ˈkruːlti/

a cruel act; a deliberate infliction of pain and suffering

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

determinedadjectiveUS /dɪˈtɜːrmənd/

characterized by great determination

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

doubtnounUS /daʊt/

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

EdwardnounUS /ˈedwərd/

King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

enemynounUS /ˈenəmi/

an opposing military force

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

expectedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspektəd/

considered likely or probable to happen or arrive

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading His language, however, was considerably modified to the prisoner.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

JamesnounUS /dʒeɪmz/

a Stuart king of Scotland who married a daughter of Henry VII; when England and France went to war in 1513 he invaded England and died in defeat at Flodden (1473-1513)

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

JusticenounUS /ˈdʒʌstəs/

the quality of being just or fair

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

King'snounUS /kɪŋz/

possessive form of “king” — a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

languagenounUS /ˈlæŋɡwədʒ/

a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols

From this reading His language, however, was considerably modified to the prisoner.

lodgingsnounUS /ˈlɑːdʒɪŋz/

temporary living quarters

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

meannessnounUS /ˈmiːnnəs/

the quality of being deliberately mean

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

modifiedadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːdəfaɪd/

changed in form or character

From this reading His language, however, was considerably modified to the prisoner.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

occasionnounUS /əˈkeɪʒən/

an event that occurs at a critical time

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

offencenoun

the action of attacking an enemy

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

officiallyadverbUS /əˈfɪʃəli/

in an official role

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

prisonernounUS /ˈprɪzənər/

a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war

From this reading His language, however, was considerably modified to the prisoner.

RaleighnounUS /ˈrɔːli/

English courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia; introduced potatoes and tobacco to England (1552-1618)

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

retainverbUS /rɪˈteɪn/

hold back within

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

reviveverbUS /rɪˈvaɪv/

cause to regain consciousness

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

satnounUS /sæt/

the seventh and last day of the week; observed as the Sabbath by Jews and some Christians

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

sentencenounUS /ˈsentəns/

a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

SirnounUS /sɜːr/

term of address for a man

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

TowernounUS /ˈtaʊər/

a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

triedadjectiveUS /traɪd/

tested and proved useful or correct

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

valiantadjUS /ˈvæl.jənt/

Possessing or showing courage or determination; heroic. (Dũng cảm, quả cảm, anh hùng.)

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

virtuesnounUS /ˈvɜːrtʃuːz/

plural of “virtue” — the quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

wagingverbUS /ˈweɪdʒɪŋ/

-ing form of “wage” — carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns)

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Raleigh consequently was arrested and sent back to his old lodgings in the Tower.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading He was brought before the King's Bench, where his old enemy, Sir Edward Coke, now sat as Chief Justice, and officially condemned him to death.

wiseadjectiveUS /waɪz/

having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading He was not tried, as might have been expected, for the new offence of waging war against a power then at amity with England, but James, with consummate meanness and cruelty, determined to revive his former sentence.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading He said, 'I know you have been valiant and wise, and I doubt not but you retain both these virtues, for now you shall have occasion to use them.

Chapter 9 of Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1 by George [Editor] Gilfillan holds 275 sentences, grouped into 55 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1 contain?

Chapter 9 holds 275 sentences of Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1, unabridged, divided into 55 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1 by George [Editor] Gilfillan exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 275 sentences, grouped into 55 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1?

Work through the 55 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 55 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #9667, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 13 chapters of Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1

Words and structures a reader meets early in Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Specimens
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Memoirs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Less-known
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
British
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-known British — Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.