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Stem to Stern
Stem to Stern

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Stem to Stern is here in full — 108 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/21 · 5 lines
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THE ABSENCE OF THE TRUANT DRAGON.
The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.
As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.
It was a small sum the cottage cost, but to the poor woman it was as big as a million to a millionnaire.
She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Stem to Stern

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Stem to Stern is here in full — 108 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/21 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE ABSENCE OF THE TRUANT DRAGON.
/ðə ˈæbsəns ʌv ðə ˈtruːənt ˈdræɡən/
Line 2
The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.
Line 3
As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.
/æz ɪt stʊd ɪt wɑːz ˈestəmeɪtəd tuː biː wɜːrθ əˈbaʊt θriː ˈhʌndrəd ənd ˈfɪfti ˈdɑːlərz wɪtʃ wɑːz ðə kɑːst ʌv ɪt tuː ðə puːr ˈwʊmən wen ʃiː ˌɪnˈvestəd hɜːr ɔːl ɪn wʌt wɑːz tuː biː ə hoʊm fɔːr ðə ˈfæməli/
Line 4
It was a small sum the cottage cost, but to the poor woman it was as big as a million to a millionnaire.
Line 5
She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Burlington noun US /ˈbɜːrlɪŋtən/

the largest city in Vermont; located in northwestern Vermont on Lake Champlain; site of the University of Vermont

From this reading “The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.”

dragon noun US /ˈdræɡən/

a creature of Teutonic mythology; usually represented as breathing fire and having a reptilian body and sometimes wings

From this reading “THE ABSENCE OF THE TRUANT DRAGON.”

estimated verb US /ˈestəmeɪtəd/

past form of “estimate” — judge tentatively or form an estimate of (quantities or time)

From this reading “As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.”

exist verb US /ɪɡˈzɪst/

have an existence, be extant

From this reading “She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.”

framed adjective US /freɪmd/

provided with a frame

From this reading “The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.”

invested verb US /ˌɪnˈvestəd/

past form of “invest” — make an investment

From this reading “As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.”

schooner noun US /ˈskuːnər/

a large beer glass

From this reading “The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.”

truant noun US /ˈtruːənt/

one who is absent from school without permission

From this reading “THE ABSENCE OF THE TRUANT DRAGON.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

fifty dollars noun + noun counted as “fifty dollar”

In this reading “As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.”

three hundred noun + noun

being one hundred more than two hundred

In this reading “As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.”

small sum adjective + noun

In this reading “It was a small sum the cottage cost, but to the poor woman it was as big as a million to a millionnaire.”

during the absence preposition + article + noun counted as “during … absence”

In this reading “She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.”

poor woman adjective + noun

In this reading “As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.”

brought up verb + adjective counted as “bring up”

summon into action or bring into existence, often as if by magic

In this reading “She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.”

about three preposition + noun

In this reading “As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.”

brought down verb + adjective counted as “bring down”

move something or somebody to a lower position

In this reading “The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.”

All words in this reading · 67

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

ABSENCEnounUS /ˈæbsəns/

the state of being absent

From this reading THE ABSENCE OF THE TRUANT DRAGON.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

bigadjectiveUS /bɪɡ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading It was a small sum the cottage cost, but to the poor woman it was as big as a million to a millionnaire.

Bristols

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

BurlingtonnounUS /ˈbɜːrlɪŋtən/

the largest city in Vermont; located in northwestern Vermont on Lake Champlain; site of the University of Vermont

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading It was a small sum the cottage cost, but to the poor woman it was as big as a million to a millionnaire.

Chinamannoun

(ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Chinese descent

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

costnounUS /kɑːst/

the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

cottagenounUS /ˈkɑːtədʒ/

a small house with a single story

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

dollarsnounUS /ˈdɑːlərz/

plural of “dollar” — the basic monetary unit in many countries; equal to 100 cents

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

DRAGONnounUS /ˈdræɡən/

a creature of Teutonic mythology; usually represented as breathing fire and having a reptilian body and sometimes wings

From this reading THE ABSENCE OF THE TRUANT DRAGON.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

estimatedverbUS /ˈestəmeɪtəd/

past form of “estimate” — judge tentatively or form an estimate of (quantities or time)

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

existverbUS /ɪɡˈzɪst/

have an existence, be extant

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

father'snounUS /ˈfɑːðərz/

possessive form of “father” — a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

fiftynounUS /ˈfɪfti/

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and five

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

framedadjectiveUS /freɪmd/

provided with a frame

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

Hottentotnoun

any of the Khoisan languages spoken by the pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

investedverbUS /ˌɪnˈvestəd/

past form of “invest” — make an investment

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

liveverbUS /laɪv/

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

millionnounUS /ˈmɪljən/

the number that is represented as a one followed by 6 zeros

From this reading It was a small sum the cottage cost, but to the poor woman it was as big as a million to a millionnaire.

millionnaire

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was a small sum the cottage cost, but to the poor woman it was as big as a million to a millionnaire.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE ABSENCE OF THE TRUANT DRAGON.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

PointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

SandyadjectiveUS /ˈsændi/

of hair color; pale yellowish to yellowish brown

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

schoonernounUS /ˈskuːnər/

a large beer glass

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading It was a small sum the cottage cost, but to the poor woman it was as big as a million to a millionnaire.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

struggleverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəl/

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

sumnounUS /sʌm/

a quantity of money

From this reading It was a small sum the cottage cost, but to the poor woman it was as big as a million to a millionnaire.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE ABSENCE OF THE TRUANT DRAGON.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The cottage of the Bristols had been framed in Burlington, and brought down to Sandy Point on a schooner.

TRUANTnounUS /ˈtruːənt/

one who is absent from school without permission

From this reading THE ABSENCE OF THE TRUANT DRAGON.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading She had been well brought up in her father's house, and she could not exist like a Chinaman or a Hottentot, and it had cost the family a struggle to live during the absence of the father.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

womannounUS /ˈwʊmən/

an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

worthnounUS /wɜːrθ/

an indefinite quantity of something having a specified value

From this reading As it stood, it was estimated to be worth about three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the cost of it to the poor woman when she invested her all in what was to be a home for the family.

Chapter 4 of Stem to Stern by Oliver Optic holds 108 sentences, grouped into 22 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Stem to Stern contain?

Chapter 4 holds 108 sentences of Stem to Stern, unabridged, divided into 22 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Stem to Stern by Oliver Optic exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 108 sentences, grouped into 22 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Stem to Stern?

Work through the 22 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 22 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Stem to Stern

Common questions about reading Stem to Stern by Oliver Optic on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Stem to Stern?

Yes. All 3514 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #52978 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Stem to Stern is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #52978, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Stem to Stern take to read?

About 292 minutes of reading across 703 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Stem to Stern section by section

How to work through Stem to Stern section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 30 chapters of Stem to Stern to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Stem to Stern

Words and structures a reader meets early in Stem to Stern, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Boat-builder
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Stem to Stern; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Series
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Stem to Stern; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Stern
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Stem to Stern; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Stem to Stern; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.