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Studies in Early Victorian Literature
Studies in Early Victorian Literature

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Studies in Early Victorian Literature is here in full — 470 sentences across 94 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/94 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.
They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.
The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.
The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.
That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Studies in Early Victorian Literature

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Studies in Early Victorian Literature is here in full — 470 sentences across 94 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/94 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.
Line 2
They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.
Line 3
The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.
/ðə eɪm ʌv ðə ˈraɪtər wɑːz tuː əˈtempt ə məˈtʃʊr ˈestəmət ʌv ðə ˈpɜːrmənənt ˈɪnfluːəns ənd ɑːrˈtɪstɪk əˈtʃiːvmənt ʌv sʌm ʌv ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl proʊz ˈraɪtərz ɪn ðə ˈɜːrliər hæf ʌv ðə reɪn ʌv ˈaʊər kwiːn/
Line 4
The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.
/ðə wɜːrk ʌv ˈlɪvɪŋ ˈɔːθərz hæz nɑːt bɪn tʌtʃt əˈpɑːn nɔːr ˈeni bʊk ʌv ˈpoʊətri fɪˈlɑː.sə.fi ɔːr ˈsaɪəns/
Line 5
That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.
/ðæt wɪtʃ ɪn ˈɪŋɡlənd ɪz kənˈviːnjəntli dɪˈskraɪbd æz ðə vɪkˈtɔːriən eɪdʒ ʌv ˈlɪtərətʃər hæz ə ˈkerɪktər ʌv ɪts oʊn æt wʌns ˈbrɪljənt daɪˈvɜːrs ənd ˈkɑːmpleks/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

conveniently adverb US /kənˈviːnjəntli/

in a convenient manner

From this reading “That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.”

criticisms noun US /ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəmz/

plural of “criticism” — disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings

From this reading “They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.”

diverse adjective US /daɪˈvɜːrs/

many and different

From this reading “That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.”

essays noun US /eˈseɪz/

plural of “essay” — an analytic or interpretive literary composition

From this reading “The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.”

Forum noun US /ˈfɔːrəm/

a public meeting or assembly for open discussion

mature adjective US /məˈtʃʊr/

characteristic of maturity

From this reading “The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.”

revised adjective US /rɪˈvaɪzd/

improved or brought up to date

From this reading “They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.”

Victorian adjective US /vɪkˈtɔːriən/

of or relating to Queen Victoria of Great Britain or to the age in which she ruled

From this reading “That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.”

All words in this reading · 84

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1894

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

95

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

achievementnounUS /əˈtʃiːvmənt/

the action of accomplishing something

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

AgenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

aimverbUS /eɪm/

point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

appearedverbUS /əˈpɪrd/

past form of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

artisticadjectiveUS /ɑːrˈtɪstɪk/

relating to or characteristic of art or artists

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

attemptnounUS /əˈtempt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

authorsnounUS /ˈɔːθərz/

plural of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

booknounUS /bʊk/

a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

brilliantadjectiveUS /ˈbrɪljənt/

of surpassing excellence

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

carefullyadverbUS /ˈkerfəli/

taking care or paying attention

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

complexnounUS /ˈkɑːmpleks/

a conceptual whole made up of complicated and related parts

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

considerationnounUS /kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃən/

the process of giving careful thought to something

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

convenientlyadverbUS /kənˈviːnjəntli/

in a convenient manner

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

criticismsnounUS /ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəmz/

plural of “criticism” — disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

describedadjectiveUS /dɪˈskraɪbd/

represented in words especially with sharpness and detail

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

diverseadjectiveUS /daɪˈvɜːrs/

many and different

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

dueadjectiveUS /duː/

owed and payable immediately or on demand

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

earlieradverbUS /ˈɜːrliər/

earlier in time; previously

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

essaysnounUS /eˈseɪz/

plural of “essay” — an analytic or interpretive literary composition

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

estimatenounUS /ˈestəmət/

an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

ForumnounUS /ˈfɔːrəm/

a public meeting or assembly for open discussion

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

LondonnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

matureadjectiveUS /məˈtʃʊr/

characteristic of maturity

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

partlyadverbUS /ˈpɑːrtli/

to some extent; in some degree; not wholly

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

permanentadjectiveUS /ˈpɜːrmənənt/

continuing or enduring without marked change in status or condition or place

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

philosophynounUS /fɪˈlɑː.sə.fi/

The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. (Triết học, đạo lý nhân sinh.)

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

poetrynounUS /ˈpoʊətri/

literature in metrical form

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

principalnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəl/

the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

prosenounUS /proʊz/

ordinary writing as distinguished from verse

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

QueennounUS /kwiːn/

the only fertile female in a colony of social insects such as bees and ants and termites; its function is to lay eggs

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

re-written

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

reignverbUS /reɪn/

have sovereign power

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

revisedadjectiveUS /rɪˈvaɪzd/

improved or brought up to date

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

sciencenounUS /ˈsaɪəns/

a particular branch of scientific knowledge

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

simultaneouslyadverbUS /ˌsaɪməlˈteɪniəsli/

at the same instant

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

suggestionsnounUS /səˈdʒestʃənz/

plural of “suggestion” — an idea that is suggested

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

touchedadjectiveUS /tʌtʃt/

having come into contact

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading They have been carefully revised and partly re-written, after due consideration of various suggestions and criticisms both in England and in America.

VictorianadjectiveUS /vɪkˈtɔːriən/

of or relating to Queen Victoria of Great Britain or to the age in which she ruled

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading That which in England is conveniently described as the Victorian Age of literature has a character of its own, at once brilliant, diverse, and complex.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading The work of living authors has not been touched upon, nor any book of poetry, philosophy, or science.

writernounUS /ˈraɪtər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

writersnounUS /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading The aim of the writer was to attempt a mature estimate of the permanent influence and artistic achievement of some of the principal prose writers in the earlier half of the reign of our Queen.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

YorknounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading The following essays appeared in the _Forum_ of New York, and simultaneously in London, during the years 1894-95.

Chapter 1 of Studies in Early Victorian Literature by Frederic Harrison holds 470 sentences, grouped into 94 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Studies in Early Victorian Literature contain?

Chapter 1 holds 470 sentences of Studies in Early Victorian Literature, unabridged, divided into 94 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Studies in Early Victorian Literature by Frederic Harrison exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 470 sentences, grouped into 94 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Studies in Early Victorian Literature?

Work through the 94 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Studies in Early Victorian Literature

Common questions about reading Studies in Early Victorian Literature by Frederic Harrison on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Studies in Early Victorian Literature?

Yes. All 2302 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #18384 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Studies in Early Victorian Literature is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #18384, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 191 minutes of reading across 461 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Studies in Early Victorian Literature

Words and structures a reader meets early in Studies in Early Victorian Literature, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Following
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Studies in Early Victorian Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Essays
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Studies in Early Victorian Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Appeared
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Studies in Early Victorian Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Forum
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Studies in Early Victorian Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.