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Studies in Literature and History
Studies in Literature and History

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of Studies in Literature and History is here in full — 400 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/80 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
_Pendennis_ is in Thackeray's best style, as the novelist of manners.
It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.
Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.
In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.
He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Studies in Literature and History

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of Studies in Literature and History is here in full — 400 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/80 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_Pendennis_ is in Thackeray's best style, as the novelist of manners.
Line 2
It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.
/ɪt ˈoʊpənz laɪk ˈvænəti fer wɪð ə ʃɔːrt əˈmjuːzɪŋ siːn ðæt ˈpoʊzəz æz ðə frentʃ seɪ sʌm ˈliːdɪŋ ˈæktər ɪn ðə pleɪ ənd enˈkɜːrɪdʒɪz ðə ˈriːdər tuː ɡoʊ ɑːn/
Line 3
Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.
/nekst ˈfɑːloʊz æz ɪz ˈjuːʒəwəl wɪð ˈaʊər ˈɔːθər ə ʃɔːrt ˌretrəˈspektɪv əˈkaʊnt ʌv ðə ˈpiːpəl ənd ˈpleɪsəz əˈmʌŋ huːm ðə plɑːt ɪz leɪd wɪð ə dɪˈskrɪptɪv ˈpedəɡri ʌv hɪz ˈhɪroʊ/
Line 4
In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.
Line 5
He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Balzac noun US /bɑːlˈzæk/

French novelist; he portrays the complexity of 19th century French society (1799-1850)

From this reading “In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.”

encourages verb US /enˈkɜːrɪdʒɪz/

third-person singular of “encourage” — contribute to the progress or growth of

From this reading “It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.”

importation noun US /ˌɪmpɔːrˈteɪʃən/

the commercial activity of buying and bringing in goods from a foreign country

From this reading “He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.”

poses noun US /ˈpoʊzəz/

plural of “pose” — affected manners intended to impress others

From this reading “It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.”

provides verb US /prəˈvaɪdz/

third-person singular of “provide” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading “He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.”

retrospective noun US /ˌretrəˈspektɪv/

an exhibition of a representative selection of an artist's life work

From this reading “Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.”

seedy adjective US /ˈsiːdi/

full of seeds

From this reading “He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.”

strays noun US /streɪz/

plural of “stray” — an animal that has strayed (especially a domestic animal)

From this reading “He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.”

All words in this reading · 107

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

actornounUS /ˈæktər/

a theatrical performer

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

adventurernounUS /ædˈventʃərər/

a person who enjoys taking risks

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

amusingadjectiveUS /əˈmjuːzɪŋ/

providing enjoyment; pleasantly entertaining

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading _Pendennis_ is in Thackeray's best style, as the novelist of manners.

authornounUS /ˈɔːθər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

BalzacnounUS /bɑːlˈzæk/

French novelist; he portrays the complexity of 19th century French society (1799-1850)

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading _Pendennis_ is in Thackeray's best style, as the novelist of manners.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

BohemiannounUS /boʊˈhiːmiən/

a member of a people with dark skin and hair who speak Romany and who traditionally live by seasonal work and fortunetelling

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

compareverbUS /kəmˈper/

examine and note the similarities or differences of

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

contrastnounUS /ˈkɑːntræst/

the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

Crawleys

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

descriptiveadjectiveUS /dɪˈskrɪptɪv/

serving to describe or inform or characterized by description

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

displaysnounUS /dɪˈspleɪz/

plural of “display” — something intended to communicate a particular impression

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

encouragesverbUS /enˈkɜːrɪdʒɪz/

third-person singular of “encourage” — contribute to the progress or growth of

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

Esmonds

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

FairadjectiveUS /fer/

free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

followsverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊz/

third-person singular of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

frameworknounUS /ˈfreɪmwɜːrk/

a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

FrancenounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

good-naturedadjective

having an easygoing and cheerful disposition

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

habitnounUS /ˈhæbət/

an established custom

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

heronounUS /ˈhɪroʊ/

a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

high-classadjective

pretentiously elegant

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

imagineverbUS /ˌɪˈmædʒən/

form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

importationnounUS /ˌɪmpɔːrˈteɪʃən/

the commercial activity of buying and bringing in goods from a foreign country

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading _Pendennis_ is in Thackeray's best style, as the novelist of manners.

inexhaustibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪnɪɡˈzɔːstəbəl/

that cannot be entirely consumed or used up

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

ironynounUS /ˈaɪrəni/

witty language used to convey insults or scorn

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading _Pendennis_ is in Thackeray's best style, as the novelist of manners.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

knowledgenounUS /ˈnɑːlədʒ/

the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

laidadjectiveUS /leɪd/

set down according to a plan

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

leadingadjectiveUS /ˈliːdɪŋ/

indicating the most important performer or role

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

mannersnounUS /ˈmænərz/

social deportment

From this reading _Pendennis_ is in Thackeray's best style, as the novelist of manners.

materialadjectiveUS /məˈtɪriəl/

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

Newcomes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

NextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

novelnounUS /ˈnɑːvəl/

an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

novelistnounUS /ˈnɑːvələst/

one who writes novels

From this reading _Pendennis_ is in Thackeray's best style, as the novelist of manners.

observationnounUS /ˌɑːbzərˈveɪʃən/

the act of making and recording a measurement

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _Pendennis_ is in Thackeray's best style, as the novelist of manners.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

opensnounUS /ˈoʊpənz/

plural of “open” — a clear or unobstructed space or expanse of land or water

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

pedigreenounUS /ˈpedəɡri/

the descendants of one individual

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

Pendennis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Pendennis_ is in Thackeray's best style, as the novelist of manners.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

placesnounUS /ˈpleɪsəz/

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

playverbUS /pleɪ/

participate in games or sport

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

plotnounUS /plɑːt/

a secret scheme to do something (especially something underhand or illegal)

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

portraitsnounUS /ˈpɔːrtrəts/

plural of “portrait” — a word picture of a person's appearance and character

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

posesnounUS /ˈpoʊzəz/

plural of “pose” — affected manners intended to impress others

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

possiblyadverbUS /ˈpɑːsəbli/

by chance

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

prolixitynoun

boring verbosity

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

providesverbUS /prəˈvaɪdz/

third-person singular of “provide” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

provincialadjectiveUS /prəˈvɪnʃəl/

of or associated with a province

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

readernounUS /ˈriːdər/

a person who enjoys reading

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

resemblesverbUS /rɪˈzembəlz/

third-person singular of “resemble” — appear like; be similar or bear a likeness to

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

respectabilitynounUS /riˌspektəˈbɪlɪti/

honorableness by virtue of being respectable and having a good reputation

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

retrospectivenounUS /ˌretrəˈspektɪv/

an exhibition of a representative selection of an artist's life work

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

scenenounUS /siːn/

the place where some action occurs

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

seedyadjectiveUS /ˈsiːdi/

full of seeds

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

settingnounUS /ˈsetɪŋ/

the context and environment in which something is set

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

strait-lacedadjective

exaggeratedly proper

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

straysnounUS /streɪz/

plural of “stray” — an animal that has strayed (especially a domestic animal)

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

strollingverbUS /ˈstroʊlɪŋ/

-ing form of “stroll” — walk leisurely and with no apparent aim

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

stylenounUS /staɪl/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading _Pendennis_ is in Thackeray's best style, as the novelist of manners.

sympathynounUS /ˈsɪmpəθi/

an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

Thackeray's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Pendennis_ is in Thackeray's best style, as the novelist of manners.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _Pendennis_ is in Thackeray's best style, as the novelist of manners.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading In his habit of setting his portraits in a framework of family history (compare the Crawleys, the Newcomes, the Esmonds) he resembles, though with less prolixity, Balzac, and he displays much knowledge and observation of English provincial life.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

usualadjectiveUS /ˈjuːʒəwəl/

occurring or encountered or experienced or observed frequently or in accordance with regular practice or procedure

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

VanitynounUS /ˈvænəti/

feelings of excessive pride

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

waifs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Next follows, as is usual with our author, a short retrospective account of the people and places among whom the plot is laid, with a descriptive pedigree of his hero.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It opens, like _Vanity Fair_, with a short amusing scene that poses, as the French say, some leading actor in the play, and encourages the reader to go on.

writernounUS /ˈraɪtər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading He is, we imagine, the first high-class writer who brought the Bohemian, possibly an importation from France, into the English novel; and the contrast between the seedy strolling adventurer and strait-laced respectability provides him with material for inexhaustible irony, with much good-natured sympathy for the waifs and strays.

Chapter 3 of Studies in Literature and History by Alfred C., Sir Lyall holds 400 sentences, grouped into 80 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Studies in Literature and History contain?

Chapter 3 holds 400 sentences of Studies in Literature and History, unabridged, divided into 80 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Studies in Literature and History by Alfred C., Sir Lyall exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 400 sentences, grouped into 80 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Studies in Literature and History?

Work through the 80 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 80 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Studies in Literature and History

Common questions about reading Studies in Literature and History by Alfred C., Sir Lyall on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Studies in Literature and History?

Yes. All 4019 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #25937 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Studies in Literature and History is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #25937, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Studies in Literature and History take to read?

About 334 minutes of reading across 804 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Studies in Literature and History section by section

How to work through Studies in Literature and History section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Studies in Literature and History to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Studies in Literature and History

Words and structures a reader meets early in Studies in Literature and History, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

London
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Studies in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Murray
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Studies in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Albemarle
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Studies in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Street
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Studies in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.