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Talks To Teachers On Psychology
Talks To Teachers On Psychology

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Talks To Teachers On Psychology is here in full — 470 sentences across 94 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/94 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.
Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.
Now of what do such habits of reaction themselves consist?
They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.
Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Talks To Teachers On Psychology

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Talks To Teachers On Psychology is here in full — 470 sentences across 94 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/94 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.
/bʌt let ʌs naʊ kloʊs ɪn ə ˈlɪtəl mɔːr ˈkloʊsli ɑːn ðɪs ˈmætər ʌv ðə ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən ʌv ðə wɪl/
Line 2
Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.
/jɔːr tæsk ɪz tuː bɪld ʌp ə ˈkerɪktər ɪn jɔːr ˈpjuːpəlz ənd ə ˈkerɪktər æz aɪ hæv soʊ ˈɔːfən sed kənˈsɪsts ɪn æn ˈɔːrɡənaɪzd set ʌv ˈhæbəts ʌv riˈækʃən/
Line 3
Now of what do such habits of reaction themselves consist?
/naʊ ʌv wʌt duː sʌtʃ ˈhæbəts ʌv riˈækʃən ðemˈselvz kənˈsɪst/
Line 4
They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.
/ðeɪ kənˈsɪst ʌv ˈtendənsiz tuː ækt ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪkli wen ˈsɜːrtən aɪˈdiːəz pəˈzes ʌs ənd tuː rɪˈfreɪn ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪkli wen pəˈzest baɪ ˈʌðər aɪˈdiːəz/
Line 5
Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

characteristically adverb US /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪkli/

in characteristic manner

From this reading “They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.”

consist verb US /kənˈsɪst/

originate

From this reading “Now of what do such habits of reaction themselves consist?”

coupling noun US /ˈkʌplɪŋ/

a connection (like a clamp or vise) between two things so they move together

From this reading “Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.”

inaction noun US /ˌɪˈnækʃən/

the state of being inactive

From this reading “Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.”

organized adjective US /ˈɔːrɡənaɪzd/

formed into a structured or coherent whole, particularly on a large scale

From this reading “Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.”

reaction noun US /riˈækʃən/

(chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others

From this reading “Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.”

respectively adverb US /rɪˈspektɪvli/

in the order given

From this reading “Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.”

tendencies noun US /ˈtendənsiz/

plural of “tendency” — an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading “They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.”

All words in this reading · 72

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

actverbUS /ækt/

perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)

From this reading They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.

actionnounUS /ˈækʃən/

something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

buildverbUS /bɪld/

make by combining materials and parts

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

characteristicallyadverbUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪkli/

in characteristic manner

From this reading They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.

closeadjectiveUS /kloʊs/

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

closelyadverbUS /ˈkloʊsli/

in a close relation or position in time or space

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

consistverbUS /kənˈsɪst/

originate

From this reading Now of what do such habits of reaction themselves consist?

consistsverbUS /kənˈsɪsts/

third-person singular of “consist” — originate

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

couplingnounUS /ˈkʌplɪŋ/

a connection (like a clamp or vise) between two things so they move together

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

dependverbUS /dɪˈpend/

be contingent upon (something that is elided)

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Now of what do such habits of reaction themselves consist?

educationnounUS /ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən/

the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

habitsnounUS /ˈhæbəts/

plural of “habit” — an established custom

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

habitualadjectiveUS /həˈbɪtʃuːəl/

commonly used or practiced; usual

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

ideasnounUS /aɪˈdiːəz/

plural of “idea” — the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

inactionnounUS /ˌɪˈnækʃən/

the state of being inactive

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

organizedadjectiveUS /ˈɔːrɡənaɪzd/

formed into a structured or coherent whole, particularly on a large scale

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

possessverbUS /pəˈzes/

have as an attribute, knowledge, or skill

From this reading They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.

possessedadjectiveUS /pəˈzest/

influenced or controlled by a powerful force such as a strong emotion

From this reading They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.

pupilsnounUS /ˈpjuːpəlz/

plural of “pupil” — a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

reactionnounUS /riˈækʃən/

(chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

refrainverbUS /rɪˈfreɪn/

resist doing something

From this reading They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.

respectivelyadverbUS /rɪˈspektɪvli/

in the order given

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

stocknounUS /stɑːk/

the capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to an ownership interest

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Now of what do such habits of reaction themselves consist?

tasknounUS /tæsk/

any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

tendenciesnounUS /ˈtendənsiz/

plural of “tendency” — an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading Now of what do such habits of reaction themselves consist?

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

volitionaladjective

with deliberate intention

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Now of what do such habits of reaction themselves consist?

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading They consist of tendencies to act characteristically when certain ideas possess us, and to refrain characteristically when possessed by other ideas.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading But let us now close in a little more closely on this matter of the education of the will.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling of the several ideas with action or inaction respectively.

YourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Your task is to build up a _character_ in your pupils; and a character, as I have so often said, consists in an organized set of habits of reaction.

Chapter 4 of Talks To Teachers On Psychology by William James holds 470 sentences, grouped into 94 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Talks To Teachers On Psychology contain?

Chapter 4 holds 470 sentences of Talks To Teachers On Psychology, unabridged, divided into 94 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Talks To Teachers On Psychology by William James exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 470 sentences, grouped into 94 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Talks To Teachers On Psychology?

Work through the 94 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #16287, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in Talks To Teachers On Psychology

Words and structures a reader meets early in Talks To Teachers On Psychology, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Preface
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Talks To Teachers On Psychology; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Asked
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Talks To Teachers On Psychology; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Harvard
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Talks To Teachers On Psychology; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Corporation
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Talks To Teachers On Psychology; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.