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Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old
Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old

Chapter XVIII · Chapter 18

Chapter 18 of Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old is here in full — 91 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/18 · 5 lines
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THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.
I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.
The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.
They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.
We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old

Chapter XVIII · Chapter 18

Chapter 18 of Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old is here in full — 91 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/18 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.
Line 2
I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.
Line 3
The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.
Line 4
They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.
Line 5
We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.
/wiː riːtʃt ðə θɜːrd ɪnˈkæmpmɪnt əˈbaʊt sɪks əˈklɑːk ənd əˈpɑːn ˈentərɪŋ ðə ˈlɑːrdʒəst tent wɜːr sərˈpraɪzd tuː faɪnd ɪt ˈkraʊdəd wɪð ˈneɪtɪvz æz ɪf ɪn ˌekspekˈteɪʃən ʌv sʌm ˈserəmoʊni ɔːr ˌentərˈteɪnmənt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

drivers noun US /ˈdraɪvərz/

plural of “driver” — the operator of a motor vehicle

From this reading “I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.”

fungus noun US /ˈfʌŋɡəs/

an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll and feeding on organic matter; ranging from unicellular or multicellular organisms to spore-bearing syncytia

From this reading “THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.”

gee noun US /dʒiː/

a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated

From this reading “The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.”

intoxicating adjective US /ˌɪnˈtɑːksɪkeɪtɪŋ/

causing intoxication

From this reading “THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.”

landmark noun US /ˈlændmɑːrk/

the position of a prominent or well-known object in a particular landscape

From this reading “THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.”

layer noun US /ˈleɪər/

single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance

From this reading “They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.”

north-east adverb US /ˌnɔːrˈθiːst/

to, toward, or in the northeast

From this reading “The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.”

steppe noun US /step/

extensive plain without trees (associated with eastern Russia and Siberia)

From this reading “THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.”

All words in this reading · 134

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

accuratelyadverbUS /ˈækjərətli/

with few mistakes

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

ANdeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

boundlessadjectiveUS /ˈbaʊndləs/

seemingly boundless in amount, number, degree, or especially extent

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

BYprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

CAPTUREverbUS /ˈkæptʃər/

succeed in representing or expressing something intangible

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

ceremonynounUS /ˈserəmoʊni/

a formal event performed on a special occasion

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

COMPASSnounUS /ˈkʌmpəs/

navigational instrument for finding directions

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

continuedadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːd/

without stop or interruption

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

coursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

crowdedadjectiveUS /ˈkraʊdəd/

overfilled or compacted or concentrated

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

daybreaknounUS /ˈdeɪbreɪk/

the first light of day

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

destinationnounUS /ˌdestəˈneɪʃən/

the place designated as the end (as of a race or journey)

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

determineverbUS /dəˈtɜːrmən/

establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

directionnounUS /dərˈekʃən/

a line leading to a place or point

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

driversnounUS /ˈdraɪvərz/

plural of “driver” — the operator of a motor vehicle

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

encampmentnounUS /ɪnˈkæmpmɪnt/

a site where people on holiday can pitch a tent

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

enteringnounUS /ˈentərɪŋ/

a movement into or inward

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

entertainmentnounUS /ˌentərˈteɪnmənt/

an activity that is diverting and that holds the attention

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

expectationnounUS /ˌekspekˈteɪʃən/

belief about (or mental picture of) the future

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

experiencedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspɪriənst/

having experience; having knowledge or skill from observation or participation

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

fresh-fallen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

FUNGUSnounUS /ˈfʌŋɡəs/

an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll and feeding on organic matter; ranging from unicellular or multicellular organisms to spore-bearing syncytia

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

geenounUS /dʒiː/

a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

guidingadjectiveUS /ˈɡaɪdɪŋ/

exerting control or influence

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

heavyadjectiveUS /ˈhevi/

of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

hiddenadjectiveUS /ˈhɪdən/

not accessible to view

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

hoursnounUS /ˈaʊərz/

a period of time assigned for work

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

INTOXICATINGadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtɑːksɪkeɪtɪŋ/

causing intoxication

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

invariablyadverbUS /ˌɪnˈveriəbli/

without variation or change, in every case

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

journeyverbUS /ˈdʒɜːrni/

undertake a journey or trip

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

KORAK

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

landmarknounUS /ˈlændmɑːrk/

the position of a prominent or well-known object in a particular landscape

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

largestadjectiveUS /ˈlɑːrdʒəst/

superlative of “large” — above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

layernounUS /ˈleɪər/

single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

levelnounUS /ˈlevəl/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

LIFEnounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

localitynounUS /loʊˈkæləti/

a surrounding or nearby region

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

lookingnounUS /ˈlʊkɪŋ/

the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

MARRIAGEnounUS /ˈmerɪdʒ/

the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life (or until divorce)

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

MONOTONYnounUS /məˈnɑːtəni/

the quality of wearisome constancy, routine, and lack of variety

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

nativesnounUS /ˈneɪtɪvz/

plural of “native” — an indigenous person who was born in a particular place

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

nearlyadverbUS /ˈnɪrli/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

northnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

north-eastadverbUS /ˌnɔːrˈθiːst/

to, toward, or in the northeast

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

north-westadverb

to, toward, or in the northwest

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

o'clockadverbUS /əˈklɑːk/

according to the clock

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

perpendicularnounUS /ˌpɜːrpənˈdɪkjələr/

a straight line at right angles to another line

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

pointsnounUS /pɔɪnts/

plural of “point” — a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

prevailverbUS /prɪˈveɪl/

be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

reachedverbUS /riːtʃt/

past form of “reach” — reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

removingverbUS /riˈmuːvɪŋ/

-ing form of “remove” — remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

ridgesnounUS /ˈrɪdʒəz/

plural of “ridge” — a long narrow natural elevation or striation

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

rodeverbUS /roʊd/

inflected form of “ride” — sit and travel on the back of animal, usually while controlling its motions

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

runverbUS /rʌn/

move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

sas-troo

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

sastrugi

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

shapenounUS /ʃeɪp/

any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

simplyadverbUS /ˈsɪmpli/

and nothing more

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

singleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪŋɡəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

sixnounUS /sɪks/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

snownounUS /snoʊ/

precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

SNOW-DRIFT

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

south-eastadverb

to, toward, or in the southeast

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

steppenounUS /step/

extensive plain without trees (associated with eastern Russia and Siberia)

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

straightadjectiveUS /streɪt/

successive (without a break)

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

surprisedadjectiveUS /sərˈpraɪzd/

taken unawares or suddenly and feeling wonder or astonishment

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

sweepverbUS /swiːp/

sweep across or over

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

tellverbUS /tel/

express in words

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

tentnounUS /tent/

a portable shelter (usually of canvas stretched over supporting poles and fastened to the ground with ropes and pegs)

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

thirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

throughoutprepositionUS /θruːˈaʊt/

in every part of a place, or for the whole of a period

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

travelsnounUS /ˈtrævəlz/

plural of “travel” — the act of going from one place to another

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

upperadjectiveUS /ˈʌpər/

the topmost one of two

From this reading They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I was surprised to see how accurately our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow.

wave-like

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

windnounUS /waɪnd/

air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

windsnounUS /wɪndz/

plural of “wind” — air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges called _sastrugi_ (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading THE SNOW-DRIFT COMPASS--MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE--AN INTOXICATING FUNGUS--MONOTONY OF KORAK LIFE On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless level steppe, without a single guiding landmark to point the way.

Chapter 18 of Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old by George Kennan holds 91 sentences, grouped into 19 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 18 of Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old contain?

Chapter 18 holds 91 sentences of Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old, unabridged, divided into 19 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 18 of Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old by George Kennan exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 91 sentences, grouped into 19 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 18 of Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old?

Work through the 19 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 19 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 18 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 18 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old by George Kennan on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 3861 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12328 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #12328, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 321 minutes of reading across 773 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old

Words and structures a reader meets early in Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Content
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Exceeding
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Delight
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tent Life in Siberia A New Account of an Old; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.