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Thaddeus of Warsaw
Thaddeus of Warsaw

Chapter XXVIII · Chapter 28

Chapter 28 of Thaddeus of Warsaw is here in full — 109 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/21 · 5 lines
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DEEP ARE THE PURPOSES OF ADVERSITY.
Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!
Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."
Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.
As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Thaddeus of Warsaw

Chapter XXVIII · Chapter 28

Chapter 28 of Thaddeus of Warsaw is here in full — 109 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/21 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
DEEP ARE THE PURPOSES OF ADVERSITY.
/diːp ɑːr ðə ˈpɜːrpəsəz ʌv ədˈvɝː.sə.t̬i/
Line 2
Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!
Line 3
Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."
/ˈhevən ˈoʊnli noʊz baɪ wʌt miːnz aɪ ʃæl peɪ ðiːz ˈhevi ˈtʃɑːrdʒəz/
Line 4
Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.
Line 5
As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.
/æz hiː ˈnevər hæd dərˈaɪvd pəˈkjuːljər ˌɡrætəfəˈkeɪʃən frʌm ðə ˌenˈdʒɔɪmənt ʌv ə mæɡˈnɪfəsənt haʊs ˈsplendɪd ˈteɪbəl ənd ˈnuːmərəs əˈtendənts hiː wɑːz kənˈtentəd ɪn ðə fiːld wer hiː slept ɑːn ðə ber ɡraʊnd ənd snætʃt hɪz ˈheɪsti miːlz æt ənˈsɜːrtən ˈɪntərvəlz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

adversity noun US /ədˈvɝː.sə.t̬i/

Difficulties; misfortune and hardship faced with courage.

From this reading “DEEP ARE THE PURPOSES OF ADVERSITY.”

charges noun US /ˈtʃɑːrdʒəz/

plural of “charge” — an impetuous rush toward someone or something

From this reading “Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."”

gratification noun US /ˌɡrætəfəˈkeɪʃən/

state of being gratified or satisfied

From this reading “As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.”

Nanny noun US /ˈnæni/

a woman who is the custodian of children

From this reading “Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!”

packets noun US /ˈpækɪts/

plural of “packet” — a collection of things wrapped or boxed together

From this reading “Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!”

privations noun US /praɪˈveɪʃənz/

plural of “privation” — a state of extreme poverty

From this reading “Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.”

sighing verb US /ˈsaɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “sigh” — heave or utter a sigh; breathe deeply and heavily

From this reading “Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!”

unfolded verb US /ənˈfoʊldɪd/

past form of “unfold” — develop or come to a promising stage

From this reading “Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!”

All words in this reading · 91

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

ADVERSITYnounUS /ədˈvɝː.sə.t̬i/

Difficulties; misfortune and hardship faced with courage.

From this reading DEEP ARE THE PURPOSES OF ADVERSITY.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

AREauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading DEEP ARE THE PURPOSES OF ADVERSITY.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

attendantsnounUS /əˈtendənts/

plural of “attendant” — someone who waits on or tends to or attends to the needs of another

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

bareadjectiveUS /ber/

completely unclothed

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

bitternessnounUS /ˈbɪtərnəs/

a feeling of deep and bitter anger and ill-will

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

chargesnounUS /ˈtʃɑːrdʒəz/

plural of “charge” — an impetuous rush toward someone or something

From this reading Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."

comesnounUS /kʌmz/

plural of “come” — the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

contentedadjectiveUS /kənˈtentəd/

satisfied or showing satisfaction with things as they are

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

CountverbUS /kaʊnt/

determine the number or amount of

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

DEEPadjectiveUS /diːp/

relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply

From this reading DEEP ARE THE PURPOSES OF ADVERSITY.

derivedadjectiveUS /dərˈaɪvd/

formed or developed from something else; not original

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

enjoymentnounUS /ˌenˈdʒɔɪmənt/

the pleasure felt when having a good time

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

excitedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsaɪtəd/

(of persons) excessively affected by emotion

From this reading Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.

fallenadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːlən/

having dropped by the force of gravity

From this reading Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

fortunesnounUS /ˈfɔːrtʃənz/

plural of “fortune” — an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another

From this reading Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

gratificationnounUS /ˌɡrætəfəˈkeɪʃən/

state of being gratified or satisfied

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

handsnounUS /hændz/

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

hastyadjectiveUS /ˈheɪsti/

excessively quick

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

HeavennounUS /ˈhevən/

any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."

heavilyadverbUS /ˈhevəli/

to a considerable degree

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

heavyadjectiveUS /ˈhevi/

of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.

inducedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈduːst/

brought about or caused; not spontaneous

From this reading Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.

intervalsnounUS /ˈɪntərvəlz/

plural of “interval” — a definite length of time marked off by two instants

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

knowsnounUS /noʊz/

plural of “know” — the fact of being aware of information that is known to few people

From this reading Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."

laidadjectiveUS /leɪd/

set down according to a plan

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

magnificentadjectiveUS /mæɡˈnɪfəsənt/

characterized by grandeur

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

mealsnounUS /miːlz/

plural of “meal” — the food served and eaten at one time

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."

MereadjectiveUS /mɪr/

being nothing more than specified

From this reading Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

NannynounUS /ˈnæni/

a woman who is the custodian of children

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

NextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

numerousadjectiveUS /ˈnuːmərəs/

amounting to a large indefinite number

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading DEEP ARE THE PURPOSES OF ADVERSITY.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

packetsnounUS /ˈpækɪts/

plural of “packet” — a collection of things wrapped or boxed together

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

papersnounUS /ˈpeɪpərz/

writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature)

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

payverbUS /peɪ/

give money, usually in exchange for goods or services

From this reading Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."

peculiaradjectiveUS /pəˈkjuːljər/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

personaladjectiveUS /ˈpɜːrsɪnəl/

concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality

From this reading Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.

povertynounUS /ˈpɑːvərti/

the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

privationsnounUS /praɪˈveɪʃənz/

plural of “privation” — a state of extreme poverty

From this reading Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.

PURPOSESnounUS /ˈpɜːrpəsəz/

plural of “purpose” — an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading DEEP ARE THE PURPOSES OF ADVERSITY.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."

sighingverbUS /ˈsaɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “sigh” — heave or utter a sigh; breathe deeply and heavily

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

sleptverbUS /slept/

inflected form of “sleep” — be asleep

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

snatchedverbUS /snætʃt/

past form of “snatch” — to grasp hastily or eagerly

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

Sobieski

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

splendidadjectiveUS /ˈsplendɪd/

having great beauty and splendor

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

tablenounUS /ˈteɪbəl/

a set of data arranged in rows and columns

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

Thaddeus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading DEEP ARE THE PURPOSES OF ADVERSITY.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

uncertainadjectiveUS /ənˈsɜːrtən/

lacking or indicating lack of confidence or assurance

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

uneasinessnounUS /ˌʌˈniːzinəs/

feelings of anxiety that make you tense and irritable

From this reading Mere personal privations, induced by his fallen fortunes, excited little uneasiness in the mind of Thaddeus.

unfoldedverbUS /ənˈfoʊldɪd/

past form of “unfold” — develop or come to a promising stage

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Heaven only knows by what means I shall pay these heavy charges."

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading As he never had derived peculiar gratification from the enjoyment of a magnificent house, splendid table, and numerous attendants, he was contented in the field, where he slept on the bare ground, and snatched his hasty meals at uncertain intervals.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Next morning, when the Count Sobieski unfolded the several packets of papers which were put into his hands by little Nanny, he laid them one after the other on the table, and sighing heavily, said to himself, "Now comes the bitterness of poverty!

Chapter 28 of Thaddeus of Warsaw by Jane Porter holds 109 sentences, grouped into 22 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 28 of Thaddeus of Warsaw contain?

Chapter 28 holds 109 sentences of Thaddeus of Warsaw, unabridged, divided into 22 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 28 of Thaddeus of Warsaw by Jane Porter exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 109 sentences, grouped into 22 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 28 of Thaddeus of Warsaw?

Work through the 22 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 22 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 28 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 28 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Thaddeus of Warsaw

Common questions about reading Thaddeus of Warsaw by Jane Porter on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Thaddeus of Warsaw?

Yes. All 7267 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6566 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Thaddeus of Warsaw is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #6566, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Thaddeus of Warsaw take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1454 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Thaddeus of Warsaw section by section

How to work through Thaddeus of Warsaw section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Thaddeus of Warsaw to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Thaddeus of Warsaw

Words and structures a reader meets early in Thaddeus of Warsaw, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Large
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thaddeus of Warsaw; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Magnificent
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thaddeus of Warsaw; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Palace
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thaddeus of Warsaw; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Villanow
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thaddeus of Warsaw; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.