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The Abbatial Crosier
The Abbatial Crosier

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of The Abbatial Crosier is here in full — 35 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/7 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
NARBONNE.
Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.
The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.
The exchange of masters was almost a gain to the inhabitants of the region.
The conquerors from the south were more civilized than those from the north.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Abbatial Crosier

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of The Abbatial Crosier is here in full — 35 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/7 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
NARBONNE.
Line 2
Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.
Line 3
The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.
/ðə ˌɪnˈveɪdərz pɔːrd daʊn frʌm ðə ˈpɪrəiz ənd droʊv bæk ɔːr ˈsʌbdʒəɡeɪtɪd ðə ˈvɪzəɡɑːθs/
Line 4
The exchange of masters was almost a gain to the inhabitants of the region.
/ðə ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ ʌv ˈmæstərz wɑːz ˈɔːlmoʊst ə ɡeɪn tuː ðə ɪnˈhæbətənts ʌv ðə ˈriːdʒən/
Line 5
The conquerors from the south were more civilized than those from the north.
/ðə ˈkɑːŋkərərz frʌm ðə saʊθ wɜːr mɔːr ˈsɪvəlaɪzd ðæn ðoʊz frʌm ðə nɔːrθ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

conquerors noun US /ˈkɑːŋkərərz/

plural of “conqueror” — someone who is victorious by force of arms

From this reading “Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.”

devastating adjective US /ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ/

making light of

From this reading “Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.”

Frankish adjective US /ˈfræŋkɪʃ/

of or relating to the Franks

From this reading “Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.”

Gaul noun US /ɡɔːl/

a person of French descent

From this reading “Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.”

intestine noun US /ˌɪnˈtestən/

the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus

From this reading “Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.”

Pyrenees noun US /ˈpɪrəiz/

a chain of mountains between France and Spain

From this reading “The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.”

subjugated adjective US /ˈsʌbdʒəɡeɪtɪd/

reduced to submission

From this reading “The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.”

Visigoths noun US /ˈvɪzəɡɑːθs/

plural of “visigoth” — a member of the western group of Goths who sacked Rome and created a kingdom in present-day Spain and southern France

From this reading “The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

poured down verb + adjective counted as “pour down”

drink down entirely

In this reading “The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.”

took place verb + noun counted as “take place”

come to pass

In this reading “Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.”

from the north preposition + article + noun counted as “from … north”

In this reading “The conquerors from the south were more civilized than those from the north.”

from the south preposition + article + noun counted as “from … south”

In this reading “The conquerors from the south were more civilized than those from the north.”

All words in this reading · 46

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

719

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The exchange of masters was almost a gain to the inhabitants of the region.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading The exchange of masters was almost a gain to the inhabitants of the region.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.

ArabnounUS /ˈærəb/

a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian peninsula and surrounding territories who speaks Arabic and who inhabits much of the Middle East and northern Africa

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

civilizedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/

having a high state of culture and development both social and technological

From this reading The conquerors from the south were more civilized than those from the north.

conquerorsnounUS /ˈkɑːŋkərərz/

plural of “conqueror” — someone who is victorious by force of arms

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

CrueladjectiveUS /ˈkruːəl/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

descendantsnounUS /dɪˈsendənts/

all of the offspring of a given progenitor

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

devastatingadjectiveUS /ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ/

making light of

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.

drovenounUS /droʊv/

a group of animals (a herd or flock) moving together

From this reading The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.

exchangenounUS /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/

chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another

From this reading The exchange of masters was almost a gain to the inhabitants of the region.

FrankishadjectiveUS /ˈfræŋkɪʃ/

of or relating to the Franks

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.

gainverbUS /ɡeɪn/

obtain

From this reading The exchange of masters was almost a gain to the inhabitants of the region.

GaulnounUS /ɡɔːl/

a person of French descent

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

inhabitantsnounUS /ɪnˈhæbətənts/

plural of “inhabitant” — a person who inhabits a particular place

From this reading The exchange of masters was almost a gain to the inhabitants of the region.

intestinenounUS /ˌɪnˈtestən/

the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

invadersnounUS /ˌɪnˈveɪdərz/

plural of “invader” — someone who enters by force in order to conquer

From this reading The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.

invasionnounUS /ˌɪnˈveɪʒən/

the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

mastersnounUS /ˈmæstərz/

United States poet (1869-1950)

From this reading The exchange of masters was almost a gain to the inhabitants of the region.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The conquerors from the south were more civilized than those from the north.

NARBONNE

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading NARBONNE.

northnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading The conquerors from the south were more civilized than those from the north.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

pouredverbUS /pɔːrd/

past form of “pour” — cause to run

From this reading The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.

PyreneesnounUS /ˈpɪrəiz/

a chain of mountains between France and Spain

From this reading The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.

regionnounUS /ˈriːdʒən/

the extended spatial location of something

From this reading The exchange of masters was almost a gain to the inhabitants of the region.

southnounUS /saʊθ/

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading The conquerors from the south were more civilized than those from the north.

subjugatedadjectiveUS /ˈsʌbdʒəɡeɪtɪd/

reduced to submission

From this reading The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The conquerors from the south were more civilized than those from the north.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading The conquerors from the south were more civilized than those from the north.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The exchange of masters was almost a gain to the inhabitants of the region.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

VisigothsnounUS /ˈvɪzəɡɑːθs/

plural of “visigoth” — a member of the western group of Goths who sacked Rome and created a kingdom in present-day Spain and southern France

From this reading The invaders poured down from the Pyrenees and drove back or subjugated the Visigoths.

warsnounUS /wɔːrz/

plural of “war” — the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The exchange of masters was almost a gain to the inhabitants of the region.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Cruel intestine wars between the descendants of the Frankish conquerors were devastating Gaul when the Arab invasion took place in 719.

Chapter 1 of The Abbatial Crosier by Eugène Sue holds 35 sentences, grouped into 7 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of The Abbatial Crosier contain?

Chapter 1 holds 35 sentences of The Abbatial Crosier, unabridged, divided into 7 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of The Abbatial Crosier by Eugène Sue exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 35 sentences, grouped into 7 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of The Abbatial Crosier?

Work through the 7 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 7 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Abbatial Crosier

Common questions about reading The Abbatial Crosier by Eugène Sue on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Abbatial Crosier?

Yes. All 2492 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #33274 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Abbatial Crosier is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #33274, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Abbatial Crosier take to read?

About 207 minutes of reading across 499 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Abbatial Crosier section by section

How to work through The Abbatial Crosier section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 18 chapters of The Abbatial Crosier to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Abbatial Crosier

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Abbatial Crosier, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Narbonne
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Abbatial Crosier; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cruel
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Abbatial Crosier; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Intestine
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Abbatial Crosier; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Between
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Abbatial Crosier; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.