Chapter IX

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading As his herds diminished, he gradually sent all his drovers and gillies home to the Highlands.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

accomplishment of an objective

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

earlier than; in front of

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

inflected form of “compel” — force somebody to do something

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

an urgent or peremptory request

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

plural of “depression” — a mental state characterized by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and a despondent lack of activity

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

impaired by diminution

From this reading As his herds diminished, he gradually sent all his drovers and gillies home to the Highlands.

give, sell, or transfer to another

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As his herds diminished, he gradually sent all his drovers and gillies home to the Highlands.

having ones attention or mind or energy engaged

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

at any time

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading Many other speculators were now in the field.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

set up or found

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

plural of “gillie” — a young male attendant on a Scottish Highlander chief

From this reading As his herds diminished, he gradually sent all his drovers and gillies home to the Highlands.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE GIPSIES.

in a gradual manner

From this reading As his herds diminished, he gradually sent all his drovers and gillies home to the Highlands.

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

plural of “herd” — a group of cattle or sheep or other domestic mammals all of the same kind that are herded by humans

From this reading As his herds diminished, he gradually sent all his drovers and gillies home to the Highlands.

elevated (e.g., mountainous) land

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

a mountainous region of northern Scotland famous for its rugged beauty; known for the style of dress (the kilt and tartan) and the clan system (now in disuse)

From this reading As his herds diminished, he gradually sent all his drovers and gillies home to the Highlands.

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

where you live at a particular time

From this reading As his herds diminished, he gradually sent all his drovers and gillies home to the Highlands.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

(anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion)

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

at risk of or subject to experiencing something usually unpleasant

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Many other speculators were now in the field.

plural of “market” — the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

plural of “miscalculation” — a mistake in calculating

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Many other speculators were now in the field.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

past form of “overstock” — stock excessively

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

plural of “price” — the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold)

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

first in rank or degree

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

take something away by force or without the consent of the owner

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading As his herds diminished, he gradually sent all his drovers and gillies home to the Highlands.

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

in or characteristic of a region of the United States south of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

plural of “speculator” — someone who makes conjectures without knowing the facts

From this reading Many other speculators were now in the field.

the capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to an ownership interest

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

an event that accomplishes its intended purpose

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

happening without warning or in a short space of time

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE GIPSIES.

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

by bad luck

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Many other speculators were now in the field.

in or at the place that

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The trade of cattle-dealing was liable at that time, as at every other, to sudden depressions and miscalculations; thus, on his arrival at Carlisle, Rob Roy--unfortunately for the success of the joint speculation in which he was engaged--found the southern markets, where Highland cattle had been so long in great demand, completely overstocked.

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading The prices fell lower than they had ever been before, and he was compelled to dispose of the whole stock of cattle far below prime cost.