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The Age of Chivalry
The Age of Chivalry

Chapter XXXVI · Chapter 36

Chapter 36 of The Age of Chivalry is here in full — 498 sentences across 100 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.
And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.
And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.
And it grieved his father sore, for he thought that he was born in an evil hour.
By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Age of Chivalry

Chapter XXXVI · Chapter 36

Chapter 36 of The Age of Chivalry is here in full — 498 sentences across 100 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/99 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.
Line 2
And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.
Line 3
And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.
Line 4
And it grieved his father sore, for he thought that he was born in an evil hour.
/ənd ɪt ɡriːvd hɪz ˈfɑːðər sɔːr fɔːr hiː θɔːt ðæt hiː wɑːz bɔːrn ɪn æn ˈiːvəl ˈaʊər/
Line 5
By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

befall verb US /bɪˈfɔːl/

become of; happen to

From this reading “By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.”

bordering verb US /ˈbɔːrdərɪŋ/

-ing form of “border” — extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle

From this reading “TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.”

hapless adjective US /ˈhæpləs/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading “And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.”

needy adjective US /ˈniːdi/

poor enough to need help from others

From this reading “And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.”

strand noun US /strænd/

a pattern forming a unity within a larger structural whole

From this reading “And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.”

territory noun US /ˈterɪtɔːri/

a region marked off for administrative or other purposes

From this reading “TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.”

weir noun US /wiːr/

a low dam built across a stream to raise its level or divert its flow

From this reading “And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.”

youths noun US /juːðz/

plural of “youth” — a young person (especially a young man or boy)

From this reading “And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.”

All words in this reading · 74

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.

Aberystwyth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

advicenounUS /ædˈvaɪs/

a proposal for an appropriate course of action

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

AndconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

befallverbUS /bɪˈfɔːl/

become of; happen to

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

beginverbUS /bɪˈɡɪn/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

borderingverbUS /ˈbɔːrdərɪŋ/

-ing form of “border” — extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle

From this reading TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading And it grieved his father sore, for he thought that he was born in an evil hour.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

castlenounUS /ˈkæsəl/

a large and stately mansion

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

councilnounUS /ˈkaʊnsəl/

a body serving in an administrative capacity

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

drawingnounUS /ˈdrɔːɪŋ/

an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book, magazine, or newspaper

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

Dyvi

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

Elphin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.

evenounUS /iːv/

(Old Testament) Adam's wife in Judeo-Christian mythology: the first woman and mother of the human race; God created Eve from Adam's rib and placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

evilnounUS /ˈiːvəl/

morally objectionable behavior

From this reading And it grieved his father sore, for he thought that he was born in an evil hour.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading And it grieved his father sore, for he thought that he was born in an evil hour.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading And it grieved his father sore, for he thought that he was born in an evil hour.

Garanhir

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

grantedadjectiveUS /ˈɡræntəd/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

grievedverbUS /ɡriːvd/

past form of “grieve” — feel grief

From this reading And it grieved his father sore, for he thought that he was born in an evil hour.

Gwaelod

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.

Gwyddno

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.

haplessadjectiveUS /ˈhæpləs/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

hournounUS /ˈaʊər/

a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day

From this reading And it grieved his father sore, for he thought that he was born in an evil hour.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading And it grieved his father sore, for he thought that he was born in an evil hour.

lucknounUS /lʌk/

your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

Maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.

namedverbUS /neɪmd/

past form of “name” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

needyadjectiveUS /ˈniːdi/

poor enough to need help from others

From this reading And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

possessedadjectiveUS /pəˈzest/

influenced or controlled by a powerful force such as a strong emotion

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

poundsnounUS /paʊndz/

plural of “pound” — 16 ounces avoirdupois

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.

soreadjectiveUS /sɔːr/

hurting

From this reading And it grieved his father sore, for he thought that he was born in an evil hour.

sovereignadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːv.rən/

Possessing supreme or ultimate power; autonomous and commanding.

From this reading TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.

strandnounUS /strænd/

a pattern forming a unity within a larger structural whole

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

TALIESIN

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.

territorynounUS /ˈterɪtɔːri/

a region marked off for administrative or other purposes

From this reading TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading And it grieved his father sore, for he thought that he was born in an evil hour.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

valuenounUS /ˈvæljuː/

a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading TALIESIN Gwyddno Garanhir was sovereign of Gwaelod, a territory bordering on the sea.

weirnounUS /wiːr/

a low dam built across a stream to raise its level or divert its flow

From this reading And he possessed a weir upon the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth, near to his own castle, and the value of an hundred pounds was taken in that weir every May eve.

wherewith

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading By the advice of his council, his father had granted him the drawing of the weir that year, to see if good luck would ever befall him, and to give him something wherewith to begin the world.

youthsnounUS /juːðz/

plural of “youth” — a young person (especially a young man or boy)

From this reading And Gwyddno had an only son named Elphin, the most hapless of youths, and the most needy.

Chapter 36 of The Age of Chivalry by Thomas Bulfinch holds 498 sentences, grouped into 100 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 36 of The Age of Chivalry contain?

Chapter 36 holds 498 sentences of The Age of Chivalry, unabridged, divided into 100 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 36 of The Age of Chivalry by Thomas Bulfinch exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 498 sentences, grouped into 100 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 36 of The Age of Chivalry?

Work through the 100 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 100 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 36 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 36 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Age of Chivalry

Common questions about reading The Age of Chivalry by Thomas Bulfinch on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Age of Chivalry?

Yes. All 4782 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #4926 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Age of Chivalry is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #4926, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Age of Chivalry take to read?

About 398 minutes of reading across 957 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Age of Chivalry section by section

How to work through The Age of Chivalry section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 36 chapters of The Age of Chivalry to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Age of Chivalry

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Age of Chivalry, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Decline
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Age of Chivalry; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Roman
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Age of Chivalry; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Power
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Age of Chivalry; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Centuries
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Age of Chivalry; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.