Chapter II

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

plural of “age” — how long something has existed

From this reading Aristocracy applied itself exclusively for ages to the profession of arms.

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

any thing at all

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

concerned with concrete problems or data rather than with fundamental principles

From this reading Aristocracy applied itself exclusively for ages to the profession of arms.

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

From this reading Aristocracy applied itself exclusively for ages to the profession of arms.

plural of “army” — a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

weapons considered collectively

From this reading Aristocracy applied itself exclusively for ages to the profession of arms.

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading And the great master of the art of war, be it ever remembered, was born in obscurity and bred in poverty.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading And the great master of the art of war, be it ever remembered, was born in obscurity and bred in poverty.

brought into existence

From this reading And the great master of the art of war, be it ever remembered, was born in obscurity and bred in poverty.

inflected form of “breed” — call forth

From this reading And the great master of the art of war, be it ever remembered, was born in obscurity and bred in poverty.

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

inflected form of “compel” — force somebody to do something

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

compete for something; engage in a contest; measure oneself against others

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

plural of “contribution” — the effort contributed by a person in bringing about a result

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

(psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

zealous in devotion or affection

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

past form of “display” — to show, make visible or apparent

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use “Europe” to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

at any time

From this reading And the great master of the art of war, be it ever remembered, was born in obscurity and bred in poverty.

without any others being included or involved

From this reading Aristocracy applied itself exclusively for ages to the profession of arms.

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Aristocracy applied itself exclusively for ages to the profession of arms.

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

set up or found

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

formulation of the plans and important details

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading And the great master of the art of war, be it ever remembered, was born in obscurity and bred in poverty.

manual (or mechanical) carrying or moving or delivering or working with something

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

without hope because there seems to be no possibility of comfort or success

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

plural of “idea” — the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading Aristocracy applied itself exclusively for ages to the profession of arms.

set down according to a plan

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

time available for ease and relaxation

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

an artist of consummate skill

From this reading And the great master of the art of war, be it ever remembered, was born in obscurity and bred in poverty.

the force of workers available

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

-ing form of “mention” — make reference to

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

the quality of being unclear or abstruse and hard to understand

From this reading And the great master of the art of war, be it ever remembered, was born in obscurity and bred in poverty.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Aristocracy applied itself exclusively for ages to the profession of arms.

the ability to think and act independently

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

have ownership or possession of

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions

From this reading And the great master of the art of war, be it ever remembered, was born in obscurity and bred in poverty.

the body of people in a learned occupation

From this reading Aristocracy applied itself exclusively for ages to the profession of arms.

the act of pursuing in an effort to overtake or capture

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

the event of something being raised upward

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

a rate that is rapid

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

past form of “remember” — recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection

From this reading And the great master of the art of war, be it ever remembered, was born in obscurity and bred in poverty.

a particular branch of scientific knowledge

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

with speed

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Aristocracy applied itself exclusively for ages to the profession of arms.

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

in or at that place or location

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Aristocracy applied itself exclusively for ages to the profession of arms.

precisely as stated

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

forceful exertion

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

something that remunerates

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading But the very first time that a democratic society found itself compelled to wage war in defence of its own ideas, it displayed a force, an originality, a vigor and rapidity of conception, in this, to it, new pursuit, which speedily laid Europe at its feet.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

in the company of; together with

From this reading If there was anything at which it might have seemed hopeless for democracy to compete with it, it was in the raising, framing and handling of armies.

an indefinite quantity of something having a specified value

From this reading Nor, long as men of leisure have devoted themselves to the art of government, have they made any contributions worth mentioning to political science.