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The Ayrshire Legatees
The Ayrshire Legatees

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of The Ayrshire Legatees is here in full — 51 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/10 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
_Andrew Pringle_, _Esq._, _to the Rev. Mr. Charles Snodgrass_ LONDON.
MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.
By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.
I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.
In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Ayrshire Legatees

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of The Ayrshire Legatees is here in full — 51 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_Andrew Pringle_, _Esq._, _to the Rev. Mr. Charles Snodgrass_ LONDON.
Line 2
MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.
Line 3
By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.
Line 4
I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.
/aɪ ʃʊd emˈplɔɪ əˈnʌðər wɜːrd ðæn tʃuːz fɔːr aɪ æm kənˈvɪnst ðæt ðer ɪz noʊ tʃɔɪs ɪn ðə ˈmætər/
Line 5
In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.
/ɪn hɪz ˈfrendʃɪps ənd əˈfekʃənz mæn ɪz səbˈdʒekt tuː sʌm ˌɪnˈskruːtəbəl ˈmɔːrəl lɔː ˈsɪmələr ɪn ɪts ɪˈfekts tuː wʌt ðə ˈkeməsts kɔːl əˈfɪnəti/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

advances noun US /ədˈvænsəz/

plural of “advance” — a movement forward

From this reading “MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.”

affections noun US /əˈfekʃənz/

plural of “affection” — a positive feeling of liking

From this reading “In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.”

affinity noun US /əˈfɪnəti/

(immunology) the attraction between an antigen and an antibody

From this reading “In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.”

chemists noun US /ˈkeməsts/

plural of “chemist” — a scientist who specializes in chemistry

From this reading “In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.”

friendships noun US /ˈfrendʃɪps/

plural of “friendship” — the state of being friends (or friendly)

From this reading “In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.”

inscrutable adjective US /ˌɪnˈskruːtəbəl/

of an obscure nature

From this reading “In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.”

Rev verb US /rev/

increase the number of rotations per minute

From this reading “_Andrew Pringle_, _Esq._, _to the Rev. Mr. Charles Snodgrass_ LONDON.”

unfolds verb US /ənˈfoʊldz/

third-person singular of “unfold” — develop or come to a promising stage

From this reading “MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.”

All words in this reading · 77

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

acquaintancenounUS /əˈkweɪntəns/

personal knowledge or information about someone or something

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

advancesnounUS /ədˈvænsəz/

plural of “advance” — a movement forward

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

affectionsnounUS /əˈfekʃənz/

plural of “affection” — a positive feeling of liking

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

affinitynounUS /əˈfɪnəti/

(immunology) the attraction between an antigen and an antibody

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

AndrewnounUS /ˈændruː/

(New Testament) disciple of Jesus; brother of Peter; patron saint of Scotland

From this reading _Andrew Pringle_, _Esq._, _to the Rev. Mr. Charles Snodgrass_ LONDON.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

Argents

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

callverbUS /kɔːl/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

CharlesnounUS /tʃɑːrlz/

King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574)

From this reading _Andrew Pringle_, _Esq._, _to the Rev. Mr. Charles Snodgrass_ LONDON.

chemistsnounUS /ˈkeməsts/

plural of “chemist” — a scientist who specializes in chemistry

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

choicenounUS /tʃɔɪs/

the person or thing chosen or selected

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

chooseverbUS /tʃuːz/

pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

convincedadjectiveUS /kənˈvɪnst/

persuaded of; very sure

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

effectsnounUS /ɪˈfekts/

property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

effectuallyadverb

in an effectual manner

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

employverbUS /emˈplɔɪ/

put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

Esqnoun

a title of respect for a member of the English gentry ranking just below a knight; placed after the name

From this reading _Andrew Pringle_, _Esq._, _to the Rev. Mr. Charles Snodgrass_ LONDON.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

FRIENDnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

friendshipsnounUS /ˈfrendʃɪps/

plural of “friendship” — the state of being friends (or friendly)

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

graduallyadverbUS /ˈɡrædʒuːəli/

in a gradual manner

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

inscrutableadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈskruːtəbəl/

of an obscure nature

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

introducedverbUS /ˌɪntrəˈduːst/

past form of “introduce” — cause to come to know personally

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

LONDONnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading _Andrew Pringle_, _Esq._, _to the Rev. Mr. Charles Snodgrass_ LONDON.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

moraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading _Andrew Pringle_, _Esq._, _to the Rev. Mr. Charles Snodgrass_ LONDON.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

NaturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

pleasuresnounUS /ˈpleʒərz/

plural of “pleasure” — a fundamental feeling that is hard to define but that people desire to experience

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

powersnounUS /ˈpaʊərz/

plural of “power” — possession of controlling influence

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

Pringle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Andrew Pringle_, _Esq._, _to the Rev. Mr. Charles Snodgrass_ LONDON.

RevverbUS /rev/

increase the number of rotations per minute

From this reading _Andrew Pringle_, _Esq._, _to the Rev. Mr. Charles Snodgrass_ LONDON.

seasonnounUS /ˈsiːzən/

a period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

similaradjectiveUS /ˈsɪmələr/

marked by correspondence or resemblance

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

Snodgrass

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Andrew Pringle_, _Esq._, _to the Rev. Mr. Charles Snodgrass_ LONDON.

societynounUS /səˈsaɪəti/

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _Andrew Pringle_, _Esq._, _to the Rev. Mr. Charles Snodgrass_ LONDON.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading _Andrew Pringle_, _Esq._, _to the Rev. Mr. Charles Snodgrass_ LONDON.

unfoldsverbUS /ənˈfoʊldz/

third-person singular of “unfold” — develop or come to a promising stage

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

varietynounUS /vərˈaɪəti/

a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND--As the season advances, London gradually unfolds, like Nature, all the variety of her powers and pleasures.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading In his friendships and affections, man is subject to some inscrutable moral law, similar in its effects to what the chemists call affinity.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading By the Argents we have been introduced effectually into society, and have now only to choose our acquaintance among those whom we like best.

wordnounUS /wɜːrd/

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading I should employ another word than choose, for I am convinced that there is no choice in the matter.

Chapter 20 of The Ayrshire Legatees by John Galt holds 51 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of The Ayrshire Legatees contain?

Chapter 20 holds 51 sentences of The Ayrshire Legatees, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of The Ayrshire Legatees by John Galt exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 51 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of The Ayrshire Legatees?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Ayrshire Legatees

Common questions about reading The Ayrshire Legatees by John Galt on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Ayrshire Legatees?

Yes. All 1263 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #1384 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Ayrshire Legatees is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #1384, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Ayrshire Legatees take to read?

About 105 minutes of reading across 253 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through The Ayrshire Legatees section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Ayrshire Legatees

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Ayrshire Legatees, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Year's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Ayrshire Legatees; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Pringle
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Ayrshire Legatees; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Received
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Ayrshire Legatees; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Letter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Ayrshire Legatees; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.