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The Backwoods Boy
The Backwoods Boy

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of The Backwoods Boy is here in full — 25 sentences across 5 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/5 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE SPEECH AT GETTYSBURG.
One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.
The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.
The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.
It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Backwoods Boy

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of The Backwoods Boy is here in full — 25 sentences across 5 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/5 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE SPEECH AT GETTYSBURG.
/ðə spiːtʃ æt ˈɡetizbərɡ/
Line 2
One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.
/wʌn ʌv ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt ənd ˈkrɪtɪkəl ˈbætəlz ʌv ðə ˈsɪvəl wɔːr tʊk pleɪs ɑːn ðə sɔɪl ʌv ˌpensəlˈveɪnjə/
Line 3
The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.
Line 4
The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.
/ðə ˌɪnˈveɪʒən ʌv ˌpensəlˈveɪnjə baɪ liːz ˈfɔːrsɪz wɑːz ə boʊld ˈtɜːrnɪŋ ʌv ðə ˈteɪbəlz əˈpɑːn ðə ˈfedərəl ˈfɔːrsɪz bʌt ˈfɔːrtʃənətli ðeɪ hæd ə breɪv kuːl ənd ˈskɪlfəl kəˈmændər ɪn ˈdʒenərəl miːd huː biːt bæk ðə kənˈfedərəts wɪð ˈterəbəl lɔːs/
Line 5
It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.
/ɪt ɪz ˈniːdləs tuː seɪ ðæt ɪkˈsaɪtmənt əˈmaʊntɪŋ tuː ˈpænɪk prɪˈveɪld θruːˈaʊt ðə nɔːrθ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

amounting verb US /əˈmaʊntɪŋ/

-ing form of “amount” — be tantamount or equivalent to

From this reading “It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.”

Confederates noun US /kənˈfedərəts/

plural of “confederate” — a supporter of the Confederate States of America

From this reading “The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.”

Federal adjective US /ˈfedərəl/

national; especially in reference to the government of the United States as distinct from that of its member units

From this reading “The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.”

gettysburg noun US /ˈɡetizbərɡ/

a small town in southern Pennsylvania; site of a national cemetery

From this reading “THE SPEECH AT GETTYSBURG.”

Lee's noun US /liːz/

possessive form of “lee” — United States filmmaker whose works explore the richness of black culture in America (born in 1957)

Meade noun US /miːd/

English economist noted for his studies of international trade and finance (1907-1995)

From this reading “The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.”

Pennsylvania noun US /ˌpensəlˈveɪnjə/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading “One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.”

skillful adjective US /ˈskɪlfəl/

having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude

From this reading “The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Civil War adjective + noun

a war between factions in the same country

In this reading “One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.”

most important adverb + adjective

In this reading “One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.”

three days noun + noun

In this reading “The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.”

terrible loss adjective + noun

In this reading “The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.”

took place verb + noun counted as “take place”

come to pass

In this reading “One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.”

for three preposition + noun

In this reading “The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1863

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.

1st

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

amountingverbUS /əˈmaʊntɪŋ/

-ing form of “amount” — be tantamount or equivalent to

From this reading It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

ATprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading THE SPEECH AT GETTYSBURG.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.

battlesnounUS /ˈbætəlz/

plural of “battle” — a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

beatverbUS /biːt/

come out better in a competition, race, or conflict

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

boldadjectiveUS /boʊld/

fearless and daring

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

braveadjectiveUS /breɪv/

possessing or displaying courage; able to face and deal with danger or fear without flinching

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

CiviladjectiveUS /ˈsɪvəl/

applying to ordinary citizens as contrasted with the military

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

commandernounUS /kəˈmændər/

an officer in command of a military unit

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

commencedverbUS /kəˈmenst/

past form of “commence” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.

ConfederatesnounUS /kənˈfedərəts/

plural of “confederate” — a supporter of the Confederate States of America

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

cooladjectiveUS /kuːl/

neither warm nor very cold; giving relief from heat

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

criticaladjectiveUS /ˈkrɪtɪkəl/

marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.

excitementnounUS /ɪkˈsaɪtmənt/

the feeling of lively and cheerful joy

From this reading It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.

FederaladjectiveUS /ˈfedərəl/

national; especially in reference to the government of the United States as distinct from that of its member units

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.

forcesnounUS /ˈfɔːrsɪz/

plural of “force” — a powerful effect or influence

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

fortunatelyadverbUS /ˈfɔːrtʃənətli/

by good fortune

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

GeneraladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

GETTYSBURGnounUS /ˈɡetizbərɡ/

a small town in southern Pennsylvania; site of a national cemetery

From this reading THE SPEECH AT GETTYSBURG.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

importantadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt/

of great significance or value

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

invasionnounUS /ˌɪnˈveɪʒən/

the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.

JulynounUS /ˌdʒuːˈlaɪ/

the month following June and preceding August

From this reading The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.

lastedverbUS /ˈlæstəd/

past form of “last” — persist for a specified period of time

From this reading The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.

Lee'snounUS /liːz/

possessive form of “lee” — United States filmmaker whose works explore the richness of black culture in America (born in 1957)

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

lossnounUS /lɔːs/

something that is lost

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

MeadenounUS /miːd/

English economist noted for his studies of international trade and finance (1907-1995)

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

needlessadjectiveUS /ˈniːdləs/

unnecessary and unwarranted

From this reading It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.

NorthnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

panicnounUS /ˈpænɪk/

an overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety

From this reading It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.

PennsylvanianounUS /ˌpensəlˈveɪnjə/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

prevailedverbUS /prɪˈveɪld/

past form of “prevail” — be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance

From this reading It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.

skillfuladjectiveUS /ˈskɪlfəl/

having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

soilnounUS /sɔɪl/

the state of being covered with unclean things

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

SPEECHnounUS /spiːtʃ/

the act of delivering a formal spoken communication to an audience

From this reading THE SPEECH AT GETTYSBURG.

tablesnounUS /ˈteɪbəlz/

plural of “table” — a set of data arranged in rows and columns

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

terribleadjectiveUS /ˈterəbəl/

causing fear or dread or terror

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE SPEECH AT GETTYSBURG.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading The battle of Gettysburg commenced on the 1st day of July, 1863, and lasted for three days.

throughoutprepositionUS /θruːˈaʊt/

in every part of a place, or for the whole of a period

From this reading It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It is needless to say that excitement, amounting to panic, prevailed throughout the North.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

turningnounUS /ˈtɜːrnɪŋ/

the act of changing or reversing the direction of the course

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

WarnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading One of the most important and critical battles of the Civil War took place on the soil of Pennsylvania.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee’s forces was a bold turning of the tables upon the Federal forces, but fortunately they had a brave, cool, and skillful commander in General Meade, who beat back the Confederates with terrible loss.

Chapter 31 of The Backwoods Boy by Horatio, Jr. Alger holds 25 sentences, grouped into 5 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of The Backwoods Boy contain?

Chapter 31 holds 25 sentences of The Backwoods Boy, unabridged, divided into 5 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of The Backwoods Boy by Horatio, Jr. Alger exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 25 sentences, grouped into 5 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of The Backwoods Boy?

Work through the 5 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 5 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Backwoods Boy

Common questions about reading The Backwoods Boy by Horatio, Jr. Alger on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Backwoods Boy?

Yes. All 2652 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #52073 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Backwoods Boy is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #52073, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Backwoods Boy take to read?

About 221 minutes of reading across 531 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Backwoods Boy section by section

How to work through The Backwoods Boy section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 34 chapters of The Backwoods Boy to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Backwoods Boy

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Backwoods Boy, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Horatio
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Backwoods Boy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Alger
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Backwoods Boy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Canal
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Backwoods Boy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
President
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Backwoods Boy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.