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The Beautiful Wretch
The Beautiful Wretch

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Beautiful Wretch is here in full — 135 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/27 · 5 lines
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THE LAST OF THE GAMES.
But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.
Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.
The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.
He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Beautiful Wretch

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Beautiful Wretch is here in full — 135 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/27 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE LAST OF THE GAMES.
/ðə læst ʌv ðə ɡeɪmz/
Line 2
But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.
Line 3
Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.
Line 4
The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.
Line 5
He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.
/hiː hæd bʌt smɔːl ˈweɪdʒəz ənd ɪt wɑːz ɔːl hiː kʊd duː ɪn ðə ˈbrɪŋɪŋ ʌp ʌv ðə bɔɪz tuː peɪ ə ˈsɜːrtən sʌm fɔːr ðer ˈlɑːdʒɪŋ ənd ˈskuːlɪŋ ˈliːvɪŋ ðem ˈprɪti mʌtʃ tuː kædʒ fɔːr ðemˈselvz æz rɪˈɡɑːrdɪd fuːd ənd kloʊðz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

burdened adjective US /ˈbɜːrdənd/

bearing a heavy burden of work or difficulties or responsibilities

From this reading “The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.”

cadge verb US /kædʒ/

ask for and get free; be a parasite

From this reading “He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.”

captive noun US /ˈkæptɪv/

a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war

From this reading “But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.”

commodity noun US /kəˈmɑːdəti/

articles of commerce

From this reading “Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.”

dungeon noun US /ˈdʌndʒən/

the main tower within the walls of a medieval castle or fortress

From this reading “But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.”

orphan noun US /ˈɔːrfən/

a child who has lost both parents

From this reading “The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.”

Pennies noun US /ˈpeniz/

plural of “penny” — a fractional monetary unit of Ireland and the United Kingdom; equal to one hundredth of a pound

From this reading “Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.”

schooling noun US /ˈskuːlɪŋ/

the act of teaching at school

From this reading “He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.”

All words in this reading · 94

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

ashoreadverbUS /əˈʃɔːr/

towards the shore from the water

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

boardnounUS /bɔːrd/

a committee having supervisory powers

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

boysnounUS /bɔɪz/

plural of “boy” — a youthful male person

From this reading Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.

bringingnounUS /ˈbrɪŋɪŋ/

the act of delivering or distributing something (as goods or mail)

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

burdenedadjectiveUS /ˈbɜːrdənd/

bearing a heavy burden of work or difficulties or responsibilities

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

cadgeverbUS /kædʒ/

ask for and get free; be a parasite

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

captivenounUS /ˈkæptɪv/

a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

castlenounUS /ˈkæsəl/

a large and stately mansion

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

chargeverbUS /tʃɑːrdʒ/

to make a rush at or sudden attack upon, as in battle

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

chooseverbUS /tʃuːz/

pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

clansmannoun

a member of a clan

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

clothesnounUS /kloʊðz/

clothing in general

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

commoditynounUS /kəˈmɑːdəti/

articles of commerce

From this reading Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

cousinnounUS /ˈkʌzən/

the child of your aunt or uncle

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

dungeonnounUS /ˈdʌndʒən/

the main tower within the walls of a medieval castle or fortress

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

Eilean-na-Rona

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

Erisaig

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.

especiallyadverbUS /əˈspeʃli/

to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common

From this reading Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.

exceedinglyadverbUS /ɪkˈsiːdɪŋli/

to an extreme degree

From this reading Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.

explainverbUS /ɪkˈspleɪn/

make plain and comprehensible

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

foodnounUS /fuːd/

any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

GAMESnounUS /ɡeɪmz/

plural of “game” — a contest with rules to determine a winner

From this reading THE LAST OF THE GAMES.

Glenara

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

LASTadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading THE LAST OF THE GAMES.

leavingnounUS /ˈliːvɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

libertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

lodgingnounUS /ˈlɑːdʒɪŋ/

structures collectively in which people are housed

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

loweredadjectiveUS /ˈloʊərd/

below the surround or below the normal position

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

MacNicols

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

Neil

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE LAST OF THE GAMES.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

orphannounUS /ˈɔːrfən/

a child who has lost both parents

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

payverbUS /peɪ/

give money, usually in exchange for goods or services

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

paymentnounUS /ˈpeɪmənt/

a sum of money paid or a claim discharged

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

PenniesnounUS /ˈpeniz/

plural of “penny” — a fractional monetary unit of Ireland and the United Kingdom; equal to one hundredth of a pound

From this reading Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.

pennynounUS /ˈpeni/

a fractional monetary unit of Ireland and the United Kingdom; equal to one hundredth of a pound

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

prettyadjectiveUS /ˈprɪti/

pleasing by delicacy or grace; not imposing

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

proceedingnounUS /prəˈsiːdɪŋ/

(law) the institution of a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

purchasenounUS /ˈpɜːrtʃəs/

the acquisition of something for payment

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

regardedverbUS /rɪˈɡɑːrdɪd/

past form of “regard” — deem to be

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

relateverbUS /rɪˈleɪt/

make a logical or causal connection

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

scarceadverbUS /skers/

only a very short time before

From this reading Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.

schoolingnounUS /ˈskuːlɪŋ/

the act of teaching at school

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

seldomadverbUS /ˈseldəm/

not often

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

steamernounUS /ˈstiːmər/

a clam that is usually steamed in the shell

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

sumnounUS /sʌm/

a quantity of money

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE LAST OF THE GAMES.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

wagesnounUS /ˈweɪdʒəz/

a recompense for worthy acts or retribution for wrongdoing

From this reading He had but small wages; and it was all he could do, in the bringing up of the boys, to pay a certain sum for their lodging and schooling, leaving them pretty much to cadge for themselves as regarded food and clothes.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Pennies among the boys of Erisaig, and more especially among the MacNicols, were an exceedingly scarce commodity.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

whynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading But before proceeding to relate how the captive clansman was lowered into the dungeon of the castle on Eilean-na-Rona, it will be necessary to explain why he did not choose to purchase his liberty by the payment of the sum of one penny.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The father of the three MacNicols, who was also burdened with the charge of their orphan cousin Neil, was a hand on board the steamer _Glenara Castle_, and very seldom came ashore.

Chapter 31 of The Beautiful Wretch by William Black holds 135 sentences, grouped into 27 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of The Beautiful Wretch contain?

Chapter 31 holds 135 sentences of The Beautiful Wretch, unabridged, divided into 27 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of The Beautiful Wretch by William Black exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 135 sentences, grouped into 27 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of The Beautiful Wretch?

Work through the 27 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 27 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Beautiful Wretch

Common questions about reading The Beautiful Wretch by William Black on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Beautiful Wretch?

Yes. All 4890 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #24094 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Beautiful Wretch is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #24094, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Beautiful Wretch take to read?

About 407 minutes of reading across 978 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Beautiful Wretch section by section

How to work through The Beautiful Wretch section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 34 chapters of The Beautiful Wretch to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Beautiful Wretch

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Beautiful Wretch, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Beautiful Wretch; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Macleod
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Beautiful Wretch; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sunrise
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Beautiful Wretch; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Macmillan
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Beautiful Wretch; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.