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The Beginner's American History
The Beginner's American History

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of The Beginner's American History is here in full — 497 sentences across 100 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/99 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
48.
Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.
That was the beginning of slavery in this country.
Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.
The people of Virginia employed most of their slaves in raising tobacco.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Beginner's American History

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of The Beginner's American History is here in full — 497 sentences across 100 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/99 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
48.
Line 2
Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.
Line 3
That was the beginning of slavery in this country.
/ðæt wɑːz ðə bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ ʌv ˈsleɪvəri ɪn ðɪs ˈkʌntri/
Line 4
Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.
/ˈleɪtər wen ˈʌðər ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ˈsetəlmənts hæd bɪn meɪd ðeɪ bɑːt sleɪvz ənd soʊ ˈæftər ə taɪm ˈevəri ˈsetəlmənt nɔːrθ æz wel æz saʊθ oʊnd mɔːr ɔːr les ˈniːɡroʊz/
Line 5
The people of Virginia employed most of their slaves in raising tobacco.
/ðə ˈpiːpəl ʌv vərˈdʒɪnjə emˈplɔɪd moʊst ʌv ðer sleɪvz ɪn ˈreɪzɪŋ təˈbækoʊ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Dutch adjective US /dʌtʃ/

of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or culture

From this reading “Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.”

Jamestown noun US /ˈdʒeɪmztaʊn/

a former village on the James River in Virginia to the north of Norfolk; site of the first permanent English settlement in America in 1607

From this reading “Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.”

negro noun US /ˈniːɡroʊ/

a person with African ancestry, "Negro" and "Negroid" are archaic and pejorative today

From this reading “Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.”

negroes noun US /ˈniːɡroʊz/

plural of “negro” — a person with African ancestry, "Negro" and "Negroid" are archaic and pejorative today

From this reading “Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.”

settlement noun US /ˈsetəlmənt/

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading “Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.”

settlements noun US /ˈsetəlmənts/

plural of “settlement” — a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading “Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.”

settlers noun US /ˈsetlərz/

plural of “settler” — a person who settles in a new colony or moves into new country

From this reading “Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.”

slavery noun US /ˈsleɪvəri/

the state of being under the control of another person

From this reading “That was the beginning of slavery in this country.”

All words in this reading · 63

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1619

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

48

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 48.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

AboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading That was the beginning of slavery in this country.

boughtverbUS /bɑːt/

inflected form of “buy” — obtain by purchase; acquire by means of a financial transaction

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

CaptainnounUS /ˈkæptən/

an officer holding a rank below a major but above a lieutenant

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

commandernounUS /kəˈmændər/

an officer in command of a military unit

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading That was the beginning of slavery in this country.

DutchadjectiveUS /dʌtʃ/

of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or culture

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

employedadjectiveUS /emˈplɔɪd/

having your services engaged for; or having a job especially one that pays wages or a salary

From this reading The people of Virginia employed most of their slaves in raising tobacco.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading That was the beginning of slavery in this country.

JamestownnounUS /ˈdʒeɪmztaʊn/

a former village on the James River in Virginia to the north of Norfolk; site of the first permanent English settlement in America in 1607

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

LateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading The people of Virginia employed most of their slaves in raising tobacco.

NegronounUS /ˈniːɡroʊ/

a person with African ancestry, "Negro" and "Negroid" are archaic and pejorative today

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

negroesnounUS /ˈniːɡroʊz/

plural of “negro” — a person with African ancestry, "Negro" and "Negroid" are archaic and pejorative today

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

northnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

ownedadjectiveUS /oʊnd/

having an owner; often used in combination

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading The people of Virginia employed most of their slaves in raising tobacco.

raisingnounUS /ˈreɪzɪŋ/

the event of something being raised upward

From this reading The people of Virginia employed most of their slaves in raising tobacco.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

settlementnounUS /ˈsetəlmənt/

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

settlementsnounUS /ˈsetəlmənts/

plural of “settlement” — a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

settlersnounUS /ˈsetlərz/

plural of “settler” — a person who settles in a new colony or moves into new country

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

shipverbUS /ʃɪp/

transport commercially

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

slaverynounUS /ˈsleɪvəri/

the state of being under the control of another person

From this reading That was the beginning of slavery in this country.

slavesnounUS /sleɪvz/

plural of “slave” — a person who is owned by someone

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

SmithnounUS /smɪθ/

Rhodesian statesman who declared independence of Zimbabwe from Great Britain (born in 1919)

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

soldadjectiveUS /soʊld/

disposed of to a purchaser

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

southnounUS /saʊθ/

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

tennounUS /ten/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading That was the beginning of slavery in this country.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The people of Virginia employed most of their slaves in raising tobacco.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading That was the beginning of slavery in this country.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

tobacconounUS /təˈbækoʊ/

leaves of the tobacco plant dried and prepared for smoking or ingestion

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

VirginianounUS /vərˈdʒɪnjə/

a state in the eastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies; one of the Confederate States in the American Civil War

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading That was the beginning of slavery in this country.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Later, when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves, and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the settlers.

Chapter 2 of The Beginner's American History by D. H. (David Henry) Montgomery holds 497 sentences, grouped into 100 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of The Beginner's American History contain?

Chapter 2 holds 497 sentences of The Beginner's American History, unabridged, divided into 100 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of The Beginner's American History by D. H. (David Henry) Montgomery exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 497 sentences, grouped into 100 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of The Beginner's American History?

Work through the 100 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 100 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Beginner's American History

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Is this the complete text of The Beginner's American History?

Yes. All 4210 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #18127 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Beginner's American History is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #18127, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 350 minutes of reading across 842 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The Beginner's American History

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Beginner's American History, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Beginner's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Beginner's American History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
American
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Beginner's American History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
History
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Beginner's American History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Paragraph
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Beginner's American History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.