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The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni
The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni

Chapter XXI

Chapter 21 of The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni is here in full — 176 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni
Context Illustration Reading 1/35 · 5 lines
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The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.
It was only accessible on the side which overlooked the valley.
This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.
The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.
The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni

Chapter XXI

Chapter 21 of The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni is here in full — 176 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/35 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.
Line 2
It was only accessible on the side which overlooked the valley.
/ɪt wɑːz ˈoʊnli ækˈsesəbəl ɑːn ðə saɪd wɪtʃ ˈoʊvərlʊkt ðə ˈvæli/
Line 3
This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.
Line 4
The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.
/ðə ˈbɑːtəm wɑːz ə bed ʌv stoʊnz θruː wɪtʃ floʊd əˈkɔːrdɪŋ tuː ðə ˈsiːzən ə smɔːl brʊk ɔːr ə lɑːrdʒ ˈtɔːrənt wɪtʃ sɜːrvd fɔːr ə ˈbaʊn.də.ri bɪˈtwiːn ðə tuː ˈterətɔːriz/
Line 5
The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

accessible adjective US /ækˈsesəbəl/

capable of being reached

From this reading “It was only accessible on the side which overlooked the valley.”

borders noun US /ˈbɔːrdərz/

plural of “border” — a line that indicates a boundary

From this reading “This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.”

boundary noun US /ˈbaʊn.də.ri/

A line that marks the limits of an area.

From this reading “The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.”

caverns noun US /ˈkævərnz/

plural of “cavern” — any large dark enclosed space

From this reading “The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.”

irregularly adverb US /ˌɪˈreɡjələrli/

at an uneven rate

From this reading “The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.”

precipitous adjective US /prɪˈsɪpɪtəs/

done with very great haste and without due deliberation

From this reading “The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.”

shady adjective US /ˈʃeɪdi/

quiet, dark, or concealed

From this reading “The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.”

territories noun US /ˈterətɔːriz/

plural of “territory” — a region marked off for administrative or other purposes

From this reading “The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

precipitous rocks adjective + noun counted as “precipitous rock”

In this reading “The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.”

between the two preposition + article + noun counted as “between … two”

In this reading “The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.”

on the summit preposition + article + noun counted as “on … summit”

In this reading “The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.”

All words in this reading · 90

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

accessibleadjectiveUS /ækˈsesəbəl/

capable of being reached

From this reading It was only accessible on the side which overlooked the valley.

accordingadjectiveUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋ/

(followed by “to”) in agreement with or accordant with

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

banksnounUS /bæŋks/

English botanist who accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage to the Pacific Ocean (1743-1820)

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

basenounUS /beɪs/

installation from which a military force initiates operations

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

bednounUS /bed/

a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

belongingnounUS /bɪˈlɔːŋɪŋ/

happiness felt in a secure relationship

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

bordersnounUS /ˈbɔːrdərz/

plural of “border” — a line that indicates a boundary

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

bottomnounUS /ˈbɑːtəm/

the lower side of anything

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

boundarynounUS /ˈbaʊn.də.ri/

A line that marks the limits of an area.

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

brooknounUS /brʊk/

a natural stream of water smaller than a river (and often a tributary of a river)

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

castlenounUS /ˈkæsəl/

a large and stately mansion

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

cavernsnounUS /ˈkævərnz/

plural of “cavern” — any large dark enclosed space

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

chainnounUS /tʃeɪn/

a series of things depending on each other as if linked together

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

cliffnounUS /klɪf/

a steep high face of rock

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

composedadjectiveUS /kəmˈpoʊzd/

serenely self-possessed and free from agitation especially in times of stress

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

continuedadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːd/

without stop or interruption

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

cultivatedadjectiveUS /ˈkʌltəveɪtɪd/

(of land or fields) prepared for raising crops by plowing or fertilizing

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

declivitynoun

a downward slope or bend

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

equalverbUS /ˈiːkwəl/

be identical or equivalent to

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

flowedverbUS /floʊd/

past form of “flow” — move or progress freely as if in a stream

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

habitations

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

irregularlyadverbUS /ˌɪˈreɡjələrli/

at an uneven rate

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was only accessible on the side which overlooked the valley.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

mountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

narrowverbUS /ˈneroʊ/

make or become more narrow or restricted

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

neverthelessadverbUS /ˌnevərðəˈles/

in spite of what has just been said

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

occupiedadjectiveUS /ˈɑːkjəpaɪd/

held or filled or in use

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading It was only accessible on the side which overlooked the valley.

oppositeadjectiveUS /ˈɑːpəzət/

being directly across from each other; facing

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

overlookedadjectiveUS /ˈoʊvərlʊkt/

not taken into account

From this reading It was only accessible on the side which overlooked the valley.

pasturenounUS /ˈpæstʃər/

a field covered with grass or herbage and suitable for grazing by livestock

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

precipices

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

precipitousadjectiveUS /prɪˈsɪpɪtəs/

done with very great haste and without due deliberation

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

rocksnounUS /rɑːks/

plural of “rock” — a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

ruggedadjectiveUS /ˈrʌɡəd/

sturdy and strong in constitution or construction; enduring

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

scatteredadjectiveUS /ˈskætərd/

occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

seasonnounUS /ˈsiːzən/

a period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

separatedadjectiveUS /ˈsepəreɪtɪd/

being or feeling set or kept apart from others

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

servedverbUS /sɜːrvd/

past form of “serve” — serve a purpose, role, or function

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

shadyadjectiveUS /ˈʃeɪdi/

quiet, dark, or concealed

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading It was only accessible on the side which overlooked the valley.

situatedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪtʃuːeɪtɪd/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

slightlyadverbUS /ˈslaɪtli/

to a small degree or extent

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

steepadjectiveUS /stiːp/

having a sharp inclination

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

stonesnounUS /stoʊnz/

plural of “stone” — a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

summitnounUS /ˈsʌmət/

the highest level or degree attainable; the highest stage of development

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

territoriesnounUS /ˈterətɔːriz/

plural of “territory” — a region marked off for administrative or other purposes

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

thrownadjectiveUS /θroʊn/

caused to fall to the ground

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

torrentnounUS /ˈtɔːrənt/

a heavy rain

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The bottom was a bed of stones, through which flowed, according to the season, a small brook, or a large torrent, which served for a boundary between the two territories.

UnknownadjectiveUS /ənˈnoʊn/

not known

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

valleynounUS /ˈvæli/

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

verdurenoun

green foliage

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

wallnounUS /wɔːl/

an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading This was a declivity rather steep, but equal, and continued towards the summit: it was occupied as pasture ground, and its lower borders were cultivated, having habitations scattered here and there.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The castle of the Unknown was situated above a narrow and shady valley, on the summit of a cliff, which, belonging to a rugged chain of mountains, was nevertheless separated from them by banks, caverns, and precipices.

wildlyadverbUS /ˈwaɪldli/

to an extreme or greatly exaggerated degree

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading The opposite chain of mountains, which formed, as it were, the other wall of the valley, was slightly cultivated towards its base; the rest was composed of precipitous rocks without verdure, and thrown together irregularly and wildly.

Chapter 21 of The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni by Alessandro Manzoni holds 176 sentences, grouped into 36 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 21 of The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni contain?

Chapter 21 holds 176 sentences of The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni, unabridged, divided into 36 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 21 of The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni by Alessandro Manzoni exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 176 sentences, grouped into 36 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 21 of The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni?

Work through the 36 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 21 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Is this the complete text of The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni?

Yes. All 7081 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #35155 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #35155, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni take to read?

About 590 minutes of reading across 1417 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

London
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Richard
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bentley
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Successor
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Betrothed — From the Italian of Alessandro Manzoni; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.