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The Biglow Papers
The Biglow Papers

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Biglow Papers is here in full — 365 sentences across 73 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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[The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.
Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.
I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.
Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.
Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Biglow Papers

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Biglow Papers is here in full — 365 sentences across 73 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/73 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
[The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.
Line 2
Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.
Line 3
I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.
Line 4
Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.
Line 5
Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

benighted adjective US /bɪˈnaɪtɪd/

overtaken by night or darkness

From this reading “I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.”

cleanse verb US /klenz/

clean one's body or parts thereof, as by washing

From this reading “Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.”

debate verb US /dəˈbeɪt/

argue with one another

From this reading “[The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.”

locking noun US /ˈlɑːkɪŋ/

the act of locking something up to protect it

From this reading “Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.”

martyrdom noun US /ˈmɑːrtərdəm/

death that is imposed because of the person's adherence of a religious faith or cause

From this reading “Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.”

sufferers noun US /ˈsʌfərərz/

plural of “sufferer” — a person suffering from an illness

From this reading “Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.”

Tripoli noun US /ˈtrɪpəli/

a weathered and decomposed siliceous limestone; in powdered form it is used in polishing

From this reading “Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.”

unsuccessful adjective US /ˌʌnsəkˈsesfəl/

not successful; having failed or having an unfavorable outcome

From this reading “[The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.”

All words in this reading · 95

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

allowverbUS /əˈlaʊ/

make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

attemptnounUS /əˈtempt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

AttorneynounUS /əˈtɜːrni/

a professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

benightedadjectiveUS /bɪˈnaɪtɪd/

overtaken by night or darkness

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

blessedadjectiveUS /blest/

highly favored or fortunate (as e.g. by divine grace)

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

causenounUS /kɑːz/

events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

cleanseverbUS /klenz/

clean one's body or parts thereof, as by washing

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

debateverbUS /dəˈbeɪt/

argue with one another

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

Dey

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

DistrictnounUS /ˈdɪstrɪkt/

a region marked off for administrative or other purposes

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

doornounUS /dɔːr/

a swinging or sliding barrier that will close the entrance to a room or building or vehicle

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

Drayton

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

fellow-beings

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

fellow-Christians

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

fingersnounUS /ˈfɪŋɡərz/

plural of “finger” — any of the terminal members of the hand (sometimes excepting the thumb)

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

fitlyadverb

in accordance with what is appropriate or suitable for the circumstances

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

freedomnounUS /ˈfriːdəm/

the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

gaveverbUS /ɡeɪv/

inflected form of “give” — cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

governmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

Hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

hopenounUS /hoʊp/

a specific instance of feeling hopeful

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

incidentnounUS /ˈɪnsədənt/

a single distinct event

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

insteadadverbUS /ˌɪnˈsted/

in place of, or as an alternative to

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

instrumentnounUS /ˈɪnstrəmənt/

a device that requires skill for proper use

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

jailer's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

KeynounUS /kiː/

metal device shaped in such a way that when it is inserted into the appropriate lock the lock's mechanism can be rotated

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

leadersnounUS /ˈliːdərz/

the body of people who lead a group

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

lockingnounUS /ˈlɑːkɪŋ/

the act of locking something up to protect it

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

martyrdomnounUS /ˈmɑːrtərdəm/

death that is imposed because of the person's adherence of a religious faith or cause

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

namedverbUS /neɪmd/

past form of “name” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

NotadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

oceannounUS /ˈoʊʃən/

a large body of water constituting a principal part of the hydrosphere

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

ourspronounUS /ˈaʊərz/

the one or ones belonging to us

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

practicaladjectiveUS /ˈpræktəkəl/

concerned with actual use or practice

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

riseverbUS /raɪz/

move upward

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

satirized

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

Sayres

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

scenenounUS /siːn/

the place where some action occurs

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

seatnounUS /siːt/

a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane)

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

secureverbUS /sɪˈkjʊr/

get by special effort

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

seventyadjectiveUS /ˈsevənti/

being ten more than sixty

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

smutchverb

make a smudge on; soil by smudging

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

sufferersnounUS /ˈsʌfərərz/

plural of “sufferer” — a person suffering from an illness

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

theoreticadjective

concerned primarily with theories or hypotheses rather than practical considerations

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

TripolinounUS /ˈtrɪpəli/

a weathered and decomposed siliceous limestone; in powdered form it is used in polishing

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

undertakingnounUS /ˈʌndərteɪkɪŋ/

any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

unhappyadjectiveUS /ənˈhæpi/

experiencing or marked by or causing sadness or sorrow or discontent

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

unsuccessfuladjectiveUS /ˌʌnsəkˈsesfəl/

not successful; having failed or having an unfavorable outcome

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

versesnounUS /ˈvɜːrsəz/

plural of “verse” — literature in metrical form

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

VeryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

vileadjectiveUS /vaɪl/

morally reprehensible

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

WashingtonnounUS /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən/

the capital of the United States in the District of Columbia and a tourist mecca; George Washington commissioned Charles L'Enfant to lay out the city in 1791

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

watersnounUS /ˈwɔːtərz/

United States actress and singer (1896-1977)

From this reading Not all the waters of the ocean can cleanse the vile smutch of the jailer's fingers from off that little Key.

whetherconjunctionUS /ˈweðər/

used to introduce two or more possibilities

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Very fitly is he named Key, who would allow himself to be made the instrument of locking the door of hope against sufferers in such a cause.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading I question whether the Dey of Tripoli is blessed with a District Attorney so benighted as ours at the seat of government.

womennounUS /ˈwɪmən/

plural of “woman” — an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading [The incident which gave rise to the debate satirized in the following verses was the unsuccessful attempt of Drayton and Sayres to give freedom to seventy men and women, fellow-beings and fellow-Christians.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Had Tripoli, instead of Washington, been the scene of this undertaking, the unhappy leaders in it would have been as secure of the theoretic as they now are of the practical part of martyrdom.

Chapter 4 of The Biglow Papers by James Russell Lowell holds 365 sentences, grouped into 73 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The Biglow Papers contain?

Chapter 4 holds 365 sentences of The Biglow Papers, unabridged, divided into 73 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The Biglow Papers by James Russell Lowell exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 365 sentences, grouped into 73 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The Biglow Papers?

Work through the 73 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 73 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Biglow Papers

Common questions about reading The Biglow Papers by James Russell Lowell on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Biglow Papers?

Yes. All 1738 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #22680 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Biglow Papers is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #22680, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Biglow Papers take to read?

About 144 minutes of reading across 348 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Biglow Papers section by section

How to work through The Biglow Papers section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 5 chapters of The Biglow Papers to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Biglow Papers

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Biglow Papers, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Biglow
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Biglow Papers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Papers
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Biglow Papers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
James
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Biglow Papers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Russell
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Biglow Papers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.