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The Book of Stars
The Book of Stars

Chapter XIII

Chapter 13 of The Book of Stars is here in full — 76 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/15 · 5 lines
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VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.
A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.
The instant the lens is allowed to form an image on the _sensitive plate_, or _film_, we get out of the _optics_ of photography and into the _chemistry_ of it.
The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.
When the plate is exposed, that is, when the image has been formed on it, it is developed.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Book of Stars

Chapter XIII

Chapter 13 of The Book of Stars is here in full — 76 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/15 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.
Line 2
A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.
Line 3
The instant the lens is allowed to form an image on the _sensitive plate_, or _film_, we get out of the _optics_ of photography and into the _chemistry_ of it.
/ðə ˈɪnstənt ðə lenz ɪz əˈlaʊd tuː fɔːrm æn ˈɪmədʒ ɑːn ðə ˈsensətɪv pleɪt ɔːr fɪlm wiː ɡet aʊt ʌv ðə ˈɑːptɪks ʌv fəˈtɑːɡrəfi ənd ˈɪntuː ðə ˈkeməstri ʌv ɪt/
Line 4
The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.
/ðə ˈsensətɪv pleɪt ɔːr fɪlm ɪz ˈkoʊtəd wɪð ə θɪn ˈleɪər ʌv sɔːlts ʌv ˈsɪlvər ənd ˈbroʊmaɪd ˈhiːtəd wɪð ˌdʒeləˈtiːn ənd ə ˈlɪtəl ˈwɔːtər ənd wen ðiːz ˈsʌbstənsəz ɑːr ˈθɜːroʊli mɪkst æn ɪˈmʌlʃən rɪˈzʌlts ənd ðɪs ɪz spred ɑːn ɡlæs pleɪts ɔːr ɑːn ˈseləlɔɪd fɪlmz/
Line 5
When the plate is exposed, that is, when the image has been formed on it, it is developed.
/wen ðə pleɪt ɪz ɪkˈspoʊzd ðæt ɪz wen ðə ˈɪmədʒ hæz bɪn fɔːrmd ɑːn ɪt ɪt ɪz dɪˈveləpt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bromide noun US /ˈbroʊmaɪd/

any of the salts of hydrobromic acid; formerly used as a sedative but now generally replaced by safer drugs

From this reading “The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.”

celluloid noun US /ˈseləlɔɪd/

highly flammable substance made from cellulose nitrate and camphor; used in e.g. motion-picture and X-ray film; its use has decreased with the development of nonflammable thermoplastics

From this reading “The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.”

convex adjective US /kənˈveks/

curving or bulging outward

From this reading “A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.”

emulsion noun US /ɪˈmʌlʃən/

(chemistry) a colloid in which both phases are liquids

gelatine noun US /ˌdʒeləˈtiːn/

a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin

From this reading “The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.”

optics noun US /ˈɑːptɪks/

the branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light

photographing verb US /ˈfoʊtəɡræfɪŋ/

-ing form of “photograph” — record on photographic film

From this reading “VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.”

photography noun US /fəˈtɑːɡrəfi/

the act of taking and printing photographs

From this reading “The instant the lens is allowed to form an image on the _sensitive plate_, or _film_, we get out of the _optics_ of photography and into the _chemistry_ of it.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

thin layer adjective + noun

In this reading “The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.”

VALUABLE INFORMATION adjective + noun

In this reading “VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.”

passes through verb + particle counted as “pass through”

make a passage or journey from one place to another

In this reading “A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.”

interesting things adjective + noun

In this reading “VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.”

get out verb + adjective

move out of or depart from

In this reading “The instant the lens is allowed to form an image on the _sensitive plate_, or _film_, we get out of the _optics_ of photography and into the _chemistry_ of it.”

keeps out verb + adjective counted as “keep out”

prevent from entering; shut out

In this reading “A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.”

All words in this reading · 100

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

2

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

3

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

allowedverbUS /əˈlaʊd/

past form of “allow” — make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen

From this reading The instant the lens is allowed to form an image on the _sensitive plate_, or _film_, we get out of the _optics_ of photography and into the _chemistry_ of it.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading When the plate is exposed, that is, when the image has been formed on it, it is developed.

boxnounUS /bɑːks/

a (usually rectangular) container; may have a lid

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

bromidenounUS /ˈbroʊmaɪd/

any of the salts of hydrobromic acid; formerly used as a sedative but now generally replaced by safer drugs

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

cameranounUS /ˈkæmərə/

equipment for taking photographs (usually consisting of a lightproof box with a lens at one end and light-sensitive film at the other)

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

celluloidnounUS /ˈseləlɔɪd/

highly flammable substance made from cellulose nitrate and camphor; used in e.g. motion-picture and X-ray film; its use has decreased with the development of nonflammable thermoplastics

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

chemistrynounUS /ˈkeməstri/

the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions

From this reading The instant the lens is allowed to form an image on the _sensitive plate_, or _film_, we get out of the _optics_ of photography and into the _chemistry_ of it.

coatedadjectiveUS /ˈkoʊtəd/

having a coating; covered with an outer layer or film; often used in combination

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

convexadjectiveUS /kənˈveks/

curving or bulging outward

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

developedadjectiveUS /dɪˈveləpt/

being changed over time so as to be e.g. stronger or more complete or more useful

From this reading When the plate is exposed, that is, when the image has been formed on it, it is developed.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

emulsionnounUS /ɪˈmʌlʃən/

(chemistry) a colloid in which both phases are liquids

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

exposedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspoʊzd/

with no protection or shield

From this reading When the plate is exposed, that is, when the image has been formed on it, it is developed.

filmnounUS /fɪlm/

a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

filmsnounUS /fɪlmz/

plural of “film” — a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading The instant the lens is allowed to form an image on the _sensitive plate_, or _film_, we get out of the _optics_ of photography and into the _chemistry_ of it.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

gelatinenounUS /ˌdʒeləˈtiːn/

a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

getverbUS /ɡet/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading The instant the lens is allowed to form an image on the _sensitive plate_, or _film_, we get out of the _optics_ of photography and into the _chemistry_ of it.

glassnounUS /ɡlæs/

a brittle transparent solid with irregular atomic structure

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading When the plate is exposed, that is, when the image has been formed on it, it is developed.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

heatedadjectiveUS /ˈhiːtəd/

made warm or hot (“het” is a dialectal variant of “heated”)

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

holdernounUS /ˈhoʊldər/

a holding device

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

holdsnounUS /hoʊldz/

plural of “hold” — the act of grasping

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

imagenounUS /ˈɪmədʒ/

an iconic mental representation

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

INFORMATIONnounUS /ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/

a message received and understood

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

instantnounUS /ˈɪnstənt/

a very short time (as the time it takes the eye to blink or the heart to beat)

From this reading The instant the lens is allowed to form an image on the _sensitive plate_, or _film_, we get out of the _optics_ of photography and into the _chemistry_ of it.

interestingadjectiveUS /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/

arousing or holding the attention

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading The instant the lens is allowed to form an image on the _sensitive plate_, or _film_, we get out of the _optics_ of photography and into the _chemistry_ of it.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

keepsnounUS /kiːps/

plural of “keep” — the financial means whereby one lives

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

layernounUS /ˈleɪər/

single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

lensnounUS /lenz/

a transparent optical device used to converge or diverge transmitted light and to form images

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

light-tightadjective

not penetrable by light

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

mixedadjectiveUS /mɪkst/

consisting of a haphazard assortment of different kinds

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

objectnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekt/

a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

opticsnounUS /ˈɑːptɪks/

the branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light

From this reading The instant the lens is allowed to form an image on the _sensitive plate_, or _film_, we get out of the _optics_ of photography and into the _chemistry_ of it.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

ordinarynounUS /ˈɔːrdəneri/

a judge of a probate court

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

partsnounUS /pɑːrts/

the local environment

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

passesnounUS /ˈpæsəz/

plural of “pass” — (baseball) an advance to first base by a batter who receives four balls

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

perfectlyadverbUS /ˈpɜːrfəktli/

completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

photographedverbUS /ˈfoʊtəɡræft/

past form of “photograph” — record on photographic film

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

PhotographingverbUS /ˈfoʊtəɡræfɪŋ/

-ing form of “photograph” — record on photographic film

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

photographynounUS /fəˈtɑːɡrəfi/

the act of taking and printing photographs

From this reading The instant the lens is allowed to form an image on the _sensitive plate_, or _film_, we get out of the _optics_ of photography and into the _chemistry_ of it.

platenounUS /pleɪt/

(baseball) base consisting of a rubber slab where the batter stands; it must be touched by a base runner in order to score

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

platesnounUS /pleɪts/

plural of “plate” — (baseball) base consisting of a rubber slab where the batter stands; it must be touched by a base runner in order to score

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

principalnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəl/

the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

readyadjectiveUS /ˈredi/

completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

resultsnounUS /rɪˈzʌlts/

plural of “result” — a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

saltsnounUS /sɔːlts/

plural of “salt” — a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal (or a radical that acts like a metal)

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

sensitiveadjectiveUS /ˈsensətɪv/

responsive to physical stimuli

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

silvernounUS /ˈsɪlvər/

a soft white precious univalent metallic element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal; occurs in argentite and in free form; used in coins and jewelry and tableware and photography

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

spreadverbUS /spred/

distribute or disperse widely

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

StarsnounUS /stɑːrz/

plural of “star” — (astronomy) a celestial body of hot gases that radiates energy derived from thermonuclear reactions in the interior

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

substancesnounUS /ˈsʌbstənsəz/

plural of “substance” — the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

thinadjectiveUS /θɪn/

Having little thickness or extent.

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

thoroughlyadverbUS /ˈθɜːroʊli/

in an exhaustive manner

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

VALUABLEadjectiveUS /ˈvæljəbəl/

having great material or monetary value especially for use or exchange

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading The instant the lens is allowed to form an image on the _sensitive plate_, or _film_, we get out of the _optics_ of photography and into the _chemistry_ of it.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading The sensitive plate, or film, is coated with a thin layer of salts of silver and bromide, heated with gelatine and a little water, and when these substances are thoroughly mixed, an _emulsion_ results, and this is spread on glass plates or on celluloid films.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading A camera is made up of three principal parts, and these are (1) a convex lens, which forms the image of the object to be photographed; (2) a light-tight box, which keeps out all the light except that which passes through the lens, and (3) a plate, or film holder, which holds the sensitive plate, or film, in the camera and keeps it perfectly dark until you are ready to have the image formed on it.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading VALUABLE INFORMATION =Photographing the Stars.=--There are some interesting things you can do with an ordinary _camera_ in the way of photographing the stars.

Chapter 13 of The Book of Stars by A. Frederick (Archie Frederick) Collins holds 76 sentences, grouped into 16 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 13 of The Book of Stars contain?

Chapter 13 holds 76 sentences of The Book of Stars, unabridged, divided into 16 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 13 of The Book of Stars by A. Frederick (Archie Frederick) Collins exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 76 sentences, grouped into 16 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 13 of The Book of Stars?

Work through the 16 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 16 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 13 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 13 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Book of Stars

Common questions about reading The Book of Stars by A. Frederick (Archie Frederick) Collins on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Book of Stars?

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Which edition of The Book of Stars is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Book of Stars take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through The Book of Stars section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Book of Stars

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Book of Stars, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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