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The Borough
The Borough

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of The Borough is here in full — 67 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/13 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.
SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.
CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.
CHURCHILL THE VICAR--THE CURATE.
The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Borough

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of The Borough is here in full — 67 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/13 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.
Line 2
SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.
Line 3
CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.
Line 4
CHURCHILL THE VICAR--THE CURATE.
Line 5
The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Borough noun US /ˈbɜːroʊ/

one of the administrative divisions of a large city

From this reading “The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.”

bruise verb US /bruːz/

injure the underlying soft tissue or bone of

From this reading “And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.”

churchill noun US /ˈtʃɜːrtʃɪl/

English general considered one of the greatest generals in history (1650-1722)

From this reading “CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.”

employments noun US /emˈplɔɪmənts/

plural of “employment” — the state of being employed or having a job

From this reading “The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.”

Innovation noun US /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/

a creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation

From this reading “The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.”

misspent verb US /mɪsˈspent/

inflected form of “misspend” — spend time badly or unwisely

From this reading “CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.”

prattle verb US /ˈprætəl/

speak (about unimportant matters) rapidly and incessantly

From this reading “SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.”

Summary noun US /ˈsʌməri/

a brief statement that presents the main points in a concise form

From this reading “The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.”

All words in this reading · 113

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

AddressverbUS /ˈædres/

speak to

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

adventurer's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

AffectionsnounUS /əˈfekʃənz/

plural of “affection” — a positive feeling of liking

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

AmbitionnounUS /æmˈbɪʃən/

a cherished desire

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

AndconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

ascentnounUS /əˈsent/

an upward slope or grade (as in a road)

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

barrenadjectiveUS /ˈbærən/

providing no shelter or sustenance

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

BenevolencenounUS /bəˈnev.əl.əns/

The quality of being well meaning; kindness and generosity. (Lòng nhân ái, sự nhân từ độ lượng.)

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

boldadjectiveUS /boʊld/

fearless and daring

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

BoroughnounUS /ˈbɜːroʊ/

one of the administrative divisions of a large city

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

briskadjectiveUS /brɪsk/

quick and energetic

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

bruiseverbUS /bruːz/

injure the underlying soft tissue or bone of

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

CharacternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

CharactersnounUS /ˈkærəktərz/

plural of “character” — an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

CHURCHILLnounUS /ˈtʃɜːrtʃɪl/

English general considered one of the greatest generals in history (1650-1722)

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

climbingnounUS /ˈklaɪmɪŋ/

an event that involves rising to a higher point (as in altitude or temperature or intensity etc.)

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

cooladjectiveUS /kuːl/

neither warm nor very cold; giving relief from heat

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

CURATEnounUS /ˈkjʊrət/

a person authorized to conduct religious worship

From this reading CHURCHILL THE VICAR--THE CURATE.

departedadjectiveUS /dɪˈpɑːrtɪd/

well in the past; former

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

dislikenounUS /dɪˈslaɪk/

an inclination to withhold approval from some person or group

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

dueadjectiveUS /duː/

owed and payable immediately or on demand

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

earthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

employmentsnounUS /emˈplɔɪmənts/

plural of “employment” — the state of being employed or having a job

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

feetnounUS /fiːt/

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

fitverbUS /fɪt/

be agreeable or acceptable to

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

FollynounUS /ˈfɑːli/

the trait of acting stupidly or rashly

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

gentleadjectiveUS /ˈdʒentəl/

soft and mild; not harsh or stern or severe

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

goldenadjectiveUS /ˈɡoʊldən/

having the deep slightly brownish color of gold

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

gotverbUS /ɡɑːt/

inflected form of “get” — come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

growverbUS /ɡroʊ/

pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

HenrynounUS /ˈhenri/

a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

HisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

Honoursnoun

a university degree with honors

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

hoursnounUS /ˈaʊərz/

a period of time assigned for work

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

ignorancenounUS /ˈɪɡnərəns/

the lack of knowledge or education

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

ineffectualadjectiveUS /ˌɪnəˈfektʃuːəl/

not producing an intended effect

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

InnovationnounUS /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/

a creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

inwardadjectiveUS /ˈɪnwərd/

relating to or existing in the mind or thoughts

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

IVnoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

lady'snounUS /ˈleɪdiz/

possessive form of “lady” — a polite name for any woman

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

latelyadverbUS /ˈleɪtli/

in the recent past

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

learning's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

luxuriancenoun

the property of being lush and abundant and a pleasure to the senses

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

MannersnounUS /ˈmænərz/

social deportment

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

mildadjectiveUS /maɪld/

moderate in type or degree or effect or force; far from extreme

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

MinisternounUS /ˈmɪnəstər/

a person authorized to conduct religious worship

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

misspentverbUS /mɪsˈspent/

inflected form of “misspend” — spend time badly or unwisely

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

moderateverbUS /ˈmɑːdərət/

preside over

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

monarchnounUS /ˈmɑːnɑːrk/

a nation's ruler or head of state usually by hereditary right

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

MuchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

negativeadjectiveUS /ˈneɡətɪv/

characterized by or displaying negation or denial or opposition or resistance; having no positive features

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

NodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

parmacity

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

PartnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

pourverbUS /pɔːr/

cause to run

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

praisenounUS /preɪz/

an expression of approval and commendation

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

prattleverbUS /ˈprætəl/

speak (about unimportant matters) rapidly and incessantly

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

preciousadjectiveUS /ˈpreʃəs/

characterized by feeling or showing fond affection for

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

prefermentnoun

the act of preferring

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

proudadjectiveUS /praʊd/

feeling self-respect or pleasure in something by which you measure your self-worth; or being a reason for pride

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

ranknounUS /ræŋk/

a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

reignsnounUS /reɪnz/

plural of “reign” — a period during which something or somebody is dominant or powerful

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

rollsnounUS /roʊlz/

plural of “roll” — rotary motion of an object around its own axis

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

ruggedadjectiveUS /ˈrʌɡəd/

sturdy and strong in constitution or construction; enduring

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

SHAKSPEARE

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

SoconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

soothingadjectiveUS /ˈsuːðɪŋ/

affording physical relief

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

sov'reign'st

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

spotnounUS /spɑːt/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

steepadjectiveUS /stiːp/

having a sharp inclination

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

SummarynounUS /ˈsʌməri/

a brief statement that presents the main points in a concise form

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

supplicatoryadjective

humbly entreating

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

sweetadjectiveUS /swiːt/

having or denoting the characteristic taste of sugar

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

TalentsnounUS /ˈtælənts/

plural of “talent” — natural abilities or qualities

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

tellingadjectiveUS /ˈtelɪŋ/

disclosing unintentionally something concealed

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

tidenounUS /taɪd/

the periodic rise and fall of the sea level under the gravitational pull of the moon

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

timidadjectiveUS /ˈtɪmɪd/

showing fear and lack of confidence

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

topnounUS /tɑːp/

the upper part of anything

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

vainadjectiveUS /veɪn/

characteristic of false pride; having an exaggerated sense of self-importance

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

valenounUS /veɪl/

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

VICARnounUS /ˈvɪkər/

a Roman Catholic priest who acts for another higher-ranking clergyman

From this reading CHURCHILL THE VICAR--THE CURATE.

Vicar's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

vicenounUS /vaɪs/

moral weakness

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

VirtuenounUS /ˈvɝː.tʃuː/

Moral excellence and goodness of character; the highest human attainment in Stoic philosophy.

From this reading The lately departed Minister of the Borough--His soothing and supplicatory Manners--His cool and timid Affections--No praise due to such negative Virtue--Address to Characters of this kind--The Vicar's employments--His Talents and moderate Ambition--His dislike of Innovation--His mild but ineffectual Benevolence--A Summary of his Character.

Wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading And telling me the sov'reign'st thing on earth Was parmacity for an inward bruise.

wealthnounUS /welθ/

the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

WhileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

wond'rous

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV, Part I So gentle, yet so brisk, so wond'rous sweet, So fit to prattle at a lady's feet.

youthnounUS /juːθ/

a young person (especially a young man or boy)

From this reading CHURCHILL Much are the precious hours of youth misspent In climbing learning's rugged, steep ascent; When to the top the bold adventurer's got, He reigns vain monarch of a barren spot; While in the vale of ignorance below, Folly and vice to rank luxuriance grow; Honours and wealth pour in on every side, And proud preferment rolls her golden tide.

Chapter 3 of The Borough by George Crabbe holds 67 sentences, grouped into 14 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of The Borough contain?

Chapter 3 holds 67 sentences of The Borough, unabridged, divided into 14 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of The Borough by George Crabbe exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 67 sentences, grouped into 14 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of The Borough?

Work through the 14 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 14 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Borough

Common questions about reading The Borough by George Crabbe on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Borough?

Yes. All 1533 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #5210 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Borough is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #5210, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Borough take to read?

About 127 minutes of reading across 307 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Borough section by section

How to work through The Borough section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 24 chapters of The Borough to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Borough

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Borough, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

These
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Borough; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ruler
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Borough; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ordain
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Borough; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Build
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Borough; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.