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The Boy Craftsman
The Boy Craftsman

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of The Boy Craftsman is here in full — 70 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Boy Craftsman
Context Illustration Reading 1/14 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.
This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.
=Abbreviations= =d= stands for "penny."
E. G.
16d stands for sixteen-penny nails (see page 36).
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Boy Craftsman

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of The Boy Craftsman is here in full — 70 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/14 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.
/ˌdefəˈnɪʃənz ʌv tɜːrmz ənd ˈfreɪzəz ðə tɜːrmz ənd ˈfreɪzəz juːzd ɪn dɪˈskraɪbɪŋ ðə wɜːrk ˌɪnˈkluːdəd ɪn ðɪs bʊk hæv bɪn ərˈeɪndʒd ˌælfəˈbetɪkli ɪn ðɪs ˈtʃæptər təˈɡeðər wɪð ðer ˌdefəˈnɪʃənz/
Line 2
This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.
/ðɪs hæz bɪn dʌn fɔːr ðə ˈpɜːrpəs ʌv ˈfɜːrnɪʃɪŋ ə bɔɪ wɪð ə ˈhændi ˈrefərəns wɪð ˌdefəˈnɪʃənz ɪn ə klɪr ənd ˈsɪmpəl fɔːrm ˈkʌvərɪŋ ˈoʊnli sʌtʃ pɔɪnts æz əˈplaɪ tuː hɪz pərˈtɪkjələr kaɪnd ʌv wɜːrk/
Line 3
=Abbreviations= =d= stands for "penny."
/əˌbriːviˈeɪʃənz diː stændz fɔːr ˈpeni/
Line 4
E. G.
/iː dʒiː/
Line 5
16d stands for sixteen-penny nails (see page 36).

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Abbreviations noun US /əˌbriːviˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “abbreviation” — a shortened form of a word or phrase

From this reading “=Abbreviations= =d= stands for "penny."”

alphabetically adverb US /ˌælfəˈbetɪkli/

in alphabetical order

From this reading “DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.”

definitions noun US /ˌdefəˈnɪʃənz/

plural of “definition” — a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol

From this reading “DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.”

describing verb US /dɪˈskraɪbɪŋ/

-ing form of “describe” — give a description of

From this reading “DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.”

furnishing noun US /ˈfɜːrnɪʃɪŋ/

(usually plural) accessory wearing apparel

From this reading “This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.”

handy adjective US /ˈhændi/

easy to reach

From this reading “This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.”

nails noun US /neɪlz/

plural of “nail” — horny plate covering and protecting part of the dorsal surface of the digits

From this reading “16d stands for sixteen-penny nails (see page 36).”

phrases noun US /ˈfreɪzəz/

plural of “phrase” — an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence

From this reading “DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

for the purpose preposition + article + noun counted as “for … purpose”

In this reading “This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.”

simple form adjective + noun

In this reading “This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.”

All words in this reading · 55

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

16

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 16d stands for sixteen-penny nails (see page 36).

36

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 16d stands for sixteen-penny nails (see page 36).

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

AbbreviationsnounUS /əˌbriːviˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “abbreviation” — a shortened form of a word or phrase

From this reading =Abbreviations= =d= stands for "penny."

alphabeticallyadverbUS /ˌælfəˈbetɪkli/

in alphabetical order

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

applyverbUS /əˈplaɪ/

put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

arrangedadjectiveUS /ərˈeɪndʒd/

disposed or placed in a particular kind of order

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

booknounUS /bʊk/

a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

boynounUS /bɔɪ/

a youthful male person

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

chapternounUS /ˈtʃæptər/

a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

clearverbUS /klɪr/

rid of obstructions

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

coveringnounUS /ˈkʌvərɪŋ/

a natural object that covers or envelops

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

dnounUS /diː/

a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets

From this reading =Abbreviations= =d= stands for "penny."

DEFINITIONSnounUS /ˌdefəˈnɪʃənz/

plural of “definition” — a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

describingverbUS /dɪˈskraɪbɪŋ/

-ing form of “describe” — give a description of

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

EnounUS /iː/

a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal reproduction; an important antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals in the body

From this reading E. G.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

furnishingnounUS /ˈfɜːrnɪʃɪŋ/

(usually plural) accessory wearing apparel

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

GnounUS /dʒiː/

a metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram

From this reading E. G.

handyadjectiveUS /ˈhændi/

easy to reach

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

includedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkluːdəd/

enclosed in the same envelope or package

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

nailsnounUS /neɪlz/

plural of “nail” — horny plate covering and protecting part of the dorsal surface of the digits

From this reading 16d stands for sixteen-penny nails (see page 36).

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

pagenounUS /peɪdʒ/

one side of one leaf (of a book or magazine or newspaper or letter etc.) or the written or pictorial matter it contains

From this reading 16d stands for sixteen-penny nails (see page 36).

particularadjectiveUS /pərˈtɪkjələr/

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

pennynounUS /ˈpeni/

a fractional monetary unit of Ireland and the United Kingdom; equal to one hundredth of a pound

From this reading =Abbreviations= =d= stands for "penny."

PHRASESnounUS /ˈfreɪzəz/

plural of “phrase” — an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

pointsnounUS /pɔɪnts/

plural of “point” — a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

referencenounUS /ˈrefərəns/

a remark that calls attention to something or someone

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading 16d stands for sixteen-penny nails (see page 36).

simpleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪmpəl/

having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

sixteen-penny

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 16d stands for sixteen-penny nails (see page 36).

standsnounUS /stændz/

plural of “stand” — a support or foundation

From this reading =Abbreviations= =d= stands for "penny."

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

TERMSnounUS /tɜːrmz/

status with respect to the relations between people or groups

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading This has been done for the purpose of furnishing a boy with a handy reference, with definitions in a clear and simple form, covering only such points as apply to his particular kind of work.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PHRASES The terms and phrases used in describing the work included in this book have been arranged alphabetically in this chapter, together with their definitions.

Chapter 31 of The Boy Craftsman by A. Neely (Albert Neely) Hall holds 70 sentences, grouped into 14 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of The Boy Craftsman contain?

Chapter 31 holds 70 sentences of The Boy Craftsman, unabridged, divided into 14 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of The Boy Craftsman by A. Neely (Albert Neely) Hall exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 70 sentences, grouped into 14 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of The Boy Craftsman?

Work through the 14 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 14 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Boy Craftsman

Common questions about reading The Boy Craftsman by A. Neely (Albert Neely) Hall on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Boy Craftsman?

Yes. All 2982 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #42650 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Boy Craftsman is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #42650, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Boy Craftsman take to read?

About 248 minutes of reading across 597 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Boy Craftsman section by section

How to work through The Boy Craftsman section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 34 chapters of The Boy Craftsman to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Boy Craftsman

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Boy Craftsman, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Cloth
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boy Craftsman; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Illustrated
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boy Craftsman; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Hundreds
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boy Craftsman; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Photographs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boy Craftsman; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.