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The Boy Electrician
The Boy Electrician

Chapter XIII · Electric Telegraphs

Chapter XIII of The Boy Electrician, “Electric Telegraphs,” is here in full — 172 sentences across 35 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/34 · 5 lines
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Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.
Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.
The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.
Words were to be spelled by the action of the electricity in attracting paper letters, or by striking bells corresponding to letters.
The modern telegraph consists essentially of four things, namely:
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
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The Boy Electrician

Chapter XIII · Electric Telegraphs

Chapter XIII of The Boy Electrician, “Electric Telegraphs,” is here in full — 172 sentences across 35 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/34 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.
Line 2
Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.
/ˈmeni ʌv ðiːz oʊld ɪkˈsperəmənts wɜːr ˈveri kruːd ənd əˈpɪr ˈsʌmˈwʌt rɪˈdɪkjələs wen kəmˈperd wɪð ðə ˈmeθədz ʌv ˈnaʊədeɪz/
Line 3
The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.
Line 4
Words were to be spelled by the action of the electricity in attracting paper letters, or by striking bells corresponding to letters.
/wɜːrdz wɜːr tuː biː speld baɪ ðə ˈækʃən ʌv ðə ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti ɪn əˈtræktɪŋ ˈpeɪpər ˈletərz ɔːr baɪ ˈstraɪkɪŋ belz ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːndɪŋ tuː ˈletərz/
Line 5
The modern telegraph consists essentially of four things, namely:
/ðə ˈmɑːdərn ˈteləɡræf kənˈsɪsts eˈsenʃəli ʌv fɔːr θɪŋz ˈneɪmli/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

alphabet noun US /ˈælfəbet/

a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language

From this reading “Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.”

attracting verb US /əˈtræktɪŋ/

-ing form of “attract” — direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes

From this reading “Words were to be spelled by the action of the electricity in attracting paper letters, or by striking bells corresponding to letters.”

combinations noun US /ˌkɑːmbəˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “combination” — a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities

From this reading “Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.”

galvanic adjective US /ɡælˈvænɪk/

pertaining to or producing electric current by chemical action

From this reading “Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.”

Scots noun US /skɑːts/

the dialect of English used in Scotland

spelled verb US /speld/

past form of “spell” — orally recite the letters of or give the spelling of

From this reading “Words were to be spelled by the action of the electricity in attracting paper letters, or by striking bells corresponding to letters.”

static adjective US /ˈstætɪk/

not in physical motion

From this reading “Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.”

transmit verb US /trænzˈmɪt/

transfer to another

From this reading “Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

electric telegraph adjective + noun

In this reading “The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.”

twenty yards noun + noun counted as “twenty yard”

In this reading “The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.”

practical value adjective + noun

In this reading “Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.”

compared with verb + particle counted as “compare with”

In this reading “Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.”

carried out verb + adjective counted as “carry out”

put in effect

In this reading “Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.”

produced by verb + particle counted as “produce by”

In this reading “Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.”

any importance adjective + noun

In this reading “Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.”

appeared in verb + particle counted as “appear in”

In this reading “The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.”

All words in this reading · 105

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1753

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

accomplishedadjectiveUS /əˈkɑːmplɪʃt/

highly skilled

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

actingnounUS /ˈæktɪŋ/

the performance of a part or role in a drama

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

actionnounUS /ˈækʃən/

something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading Words were to be spelled by the action of the electricity in attracting paper letters, or by striking bells corresponding to letters.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

alphabetnounUS /ˈælfəbet/

a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

appearverbUS /əˈpɪr/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.

appearedverbUS /əˈpɪrd/

past form of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

attractingverbUS /əˈtræktɪŋ/

-ing form of “attract” — direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes

From this reading Words were to be spelled by the action of the electricity in attracting paper letters, or by striking bells corresponding to letters.

attractiveadjectiveUS /əˈtræktɪv/

pleasing to the eye or mind especially through beauty or charm

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Words were to be spelled by the action of the electricity in attracting paper letters, or by striking bells corresponding to letters.

bellsnounUS /belz/

plural of “bell” — a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck

From this reading Words were to be spelled by the action of the electricity in attracting paper letters, or by striking bells corresponding to letters.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

combinationsnounUS /ˌkɑːmbəˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “combination” — a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

comparedverbUS /kəmˈperd/

past form of “compare” — examine and note the similarities or differences of

From this reading Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.

consistsverbUS /kənˈsɪsts/

third-person singular of “consist” — originate

From this reading The modern telegraph consists essentially of four things, namely:

conveyedverbUS /kənˈveɪd/

past form of “convey” — (of information) make known; pass on

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

correspondingadjectiveUS /ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːndɪŋ/

accompanying

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

crudeadjectiveUS /kruːd/

not carefully or expertly made

From this reading Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.

currentnounUS /ˈkɜːrənt/

a flow of electricity through a conductor

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

discoverynounUS /dɪˈskʌvəri/

the act of discovering something

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

earliestadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrliəst/

(comparative and superlative of “early”) more early than; most early

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

electricadjectiveUS /ɪˈlektrɪk/

using or providing or producing or transmitting or operated by electricity

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

electricitynounUS /ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti/

a physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

essentiallyadverbUS /eˈsenʃəli/

in essence; at bottom or by one's (or its) very nature

From this reading The modern telegraph consists essentially of four things, namely:

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

ExperimentsnounUS /ɪkˈsperəmənts/

plural of “experiment” — the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

FebruarynounUS /ˈfebjəweri/

the month following January and preceding March

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading The modern telegraph consists essentially of four things, namely:

galvanicadjectiveUS /ɡælˈvænɪk/

pertaining to or producing electric current by chemical action

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

glassnounUS /ɡlæs/

a brittle transparent solid with irregular atomic structure

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

importancenounUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtəns/

the quality of being important and worthy of note

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

kindsnounUS /kaɪndz/

plural of “kind” — a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

letternounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

lettersnounUS /ˈletərz/

the literary culture

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

machinenounUS /məˈʃiːn/

any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

MagazinenounUS /ˈmæɡəziːn/

a periodic publication containing pictures and stories and articles of interest to those who purchase it or subscribe to it

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

ManyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.

messagesnounUS /ˈmesədʒəz/

plural of “message” — a communication (usually brief) that is written or spoken or signaled

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

methodsnounUS /ˈmeθədz/

plural of “method” — a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)

From this reading Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.

modernadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːdərn/

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading The modern telegraph consists essentially of four things, namely:

namelyadverbUS /ˈneɪmli/

as follows

From this reading The modern telegraph consists essentially of four things, namely:

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

nowadaysnounUS /ˈnaʊədeɪz/

the period of time that is happening now; any continuous stretch of time including the moment of speech

From this reading Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Words were to be spelled by the action of the electricity in attracting paper letters, or by striking bells corresponding to letters.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

papernounUS /ˈpeɪpər/

a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses

From this reading Words were to be spelled by the action of the electricity in attracting paper letters, or by striking bells corresponding to letters.

parallelnounUS /ˈperəlel/

something having the property of being analogous to something else

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

practicaladjectiveUS /ˈpræktəkəl/

concerned with actual use or practice

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

producedverbUS /prəˈduːst/

past form of “produce” — bring forth or yield

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

proposalnounUS /prəˈpoʊzəl/

something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

proposedverbUS /prəˈpoʊzd/

past form of “propose” — make a proposal, declare a plan for something

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

representingverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzentɪŋ/

-ing form of “represent” — take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

ridiculousadjectiveUS /rɪˈdɪkjələs/

inspiring scornful pity

From this reading Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.

rodsnounUS /rɑːdz/

plural of “rod” — a long thin implement made of metal or wood

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

ScotsnounUS /skɑːts/

the dialect of English used in Scotland

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

seriesnounUS /ˈsɪriz/

similar things placed in order or happening one after another

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

showsnounUS /ʃoʊz/

plural of “show” — the act of publicly exhibiting or entertaining

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

somewhatadverbUS /ˈsʌmˈwʌt/

to a small degree or extent

From this reading Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.

sparksnounUS /spɑːrks/

plural of “spark” — a momentary flash of light

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

spelledverbUS /speld/

past form of “spell” — orally recite the letters of or give the spelling of

From this reading Words were to be spelled by the action of the electricity in attracting paper letters, or by striking bells corresponding to letters.

staticadjectiveUS /ˈstætɪk/

not in physical motion

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

strikingadjectiveUS /ˈstraɪkɪŋ/

sensational in appearance or thrilling in effect

From this reading Words were to be spelled by the action of the electricity in attracting paper letters, or by striking bells corresponding to letters.

supportedadjectiveUS /səˈpɔːrtɪd/

sustained or maintained by aid (as distinct from physical support)

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

telegraphnounUS /ˈteləɡræf/

apparatus used to communicate at a distance over a wire (usually in Morse code)

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

telegraphs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

telegraphynoun

communicating at a distance by electric transmission over wire

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading The modern telegraph consists essentially of four things, namely:

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

transmitverbUS /trænzˈmɪt/

transfer to another

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

twentynounUS /ˈtwenti/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

valuenounUS /ˈvæljuː/

a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

wirenounUS /ˈwaɪər/

ligament made of metal and used to fasten things or make cages or fences etc

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

wiresnounUS /ˈwaɪərz/

plural of “wire” — ligament made of metal and used to fasten things or make cages or fences etc

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Many of these old experiments were very crude and appear somewhat ridiculous when compared with the methods of nowadays.

WordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading Words were to be spelled by the action of the electricity in attracting paper letters, or by striking bells corresponding to letters.

yardsnounUS /jɑːrdz/

plural of “yard” — a unit of length equal to 3 feet; defined as 91.44 centimeters; originally taken to be the average length of a stride

From this reading The earliest proposal for an electric telegraph appeared in the _Scots’ Magazine_ for February, 1753, and shows several kinds of proposed telegraphs acting by the attractive power of electricity, conveyed by a series of parallel wires, one wire corresponding to each letter of the alphabet and supported by glass rods at every twenty yards.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading Experiments in telegraphy were carried out as far back as the year 1753, when it was proposed to transmit messages by representing the letters of the alphabet by combinations of sparks produced by a static machine; but these were of little practical value and nothing of any importance was accomplished until after the discovery of galvanic current.

Chapter 13 of The Boy Electrician by Alfred Powell Morgan holds 172 sentences, grouped into 35 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 13 of The Boy Electrician contain?

Chapter 13 holds 172 sentences of The Boy Electrician, unabridged, divided into 35 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 13 of The Boy Electrician by Alfred Powell Morgan exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 172 sentences, grouped into 35 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 13 of The Boy Electrician?

Work through the 35 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 35 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 13 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 13 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Boy Electrician

Common questions about reading The Boy Electrician by Alfred Powell Morgan on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Boy Electrician?

Yes. All 4088 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #63207 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Boy Electrician is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #63207, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Boy Electrician take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 818 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Boy Electrician

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Boy Electrician, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Produced
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boy Electrician; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Images
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boy Electrician; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Google
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boy Electrician; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Books
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boy Electrician; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.