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The Boys' and Girls' Pliny
The Boys' and Girls' Pliny

Chapter XXI

Chapter 21 of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny is here in full — 42 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/8 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE SHARK.
Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.
These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.
It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.
This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Boys' and Girls' Pliny

Chapter XXI

Chapter 21 of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny is here in full — 42 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/8 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE SHARK.
/ðə ʃɑːrk/
Line 2
Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.
/væst ˈnʌmbərz ʌv ʃɑːrks ˌɪnˈfest ðə siːz ɪn ðə vəˈsɪnəti ʌv ðə ˈspʌndʒəz tuː ðə ɡreɪt ˈperəl ʌv ðoʊz huː daɪv fɔːr ðem/
Line 3
These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.
Line 4
It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.
/ɪt ɪz fɔːr ðɪs ˈriːzən ðæt ðeɪ ˈkæri stəˈletoʊz wɪð ðem ˈveri ʃɑːrp æt ðə pɔɪnt ənd əˈtætʃt tuː ðem baɪ strɪŋz fɔːr ɪf ðeɪ dɪd nɑːt pɪrs ðə ˈɑːbdʒekt wɪð ðə help ʌv ðiːz ɪt kʊd nɑːt biː ɡɑːt rɪd ʌv/
Line 5
This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

dive noun US /daɪv/

a cheap disreputable nightclub or dance hall

From this reading “Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.”

infest verb US /ˌɪnˈfest/

invade in great numbers

From this reading “Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.”

prevents verb US /prɪˈvents/

third-person singular of “prevent” — keep from happening or arising; make impossible

From this reading “These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.”

shark noun US /ʃɑːrk/

any of numerous elongate mostly marine carnivorous fishes with heterocercal caudal fins and tough skin covered with small toothlike scales

From this reading “THE SHARK.”

sharks noun US /ʃɑːrks/

plural of “shark” — any of numerous elongate mostly marine carnivorous fishes with heterocercal caudal fins and tough skin covered with small toothlike scales

From this reading “Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.”

sponges noun US /ˈspʌndʒəz/

plural of “sponge” — a porous mass of interlacing fibers that forms the internal skeleton of various marine animals and usable to absorb water or any porous rubber or cellulose product similarly used

From this reading “Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.”

stilettos noun US /stəˈletoʊz/

plural of “stiletto” — a small dagger with a tapered blade

From this reading “It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.”

thickens verb US /ˈθɪkənz/

third-person singular of “thicken” — make thick or thicker

From this reading “These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Vast numbers adjective + noun

In this reading “Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.”

living creatures noun + noun counted as “living creature”

In this reading “This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.”

rid of verb + particle

do away with

In this reading “It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.”

great peril adjective + noun

In this reading “Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.”

in the vicinity preposition + article + noun counted as “in … vicinity”

In this reading “Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.”

All words in this reading · 99

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

ableadjectiveUS /ˈeɪbəl/

(usually followed by “to”) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

animalnounUS /ˈænəməl/

a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

attachedadjectiveUS /əˈtætʃt/

being joined in close association

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

bearingnounUS /ˈberɪŋ/

relevant relation or interconnection

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

carryverbUS /ˈkæri/

move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

cloudverbUS /klaʊd/

make overcast or cloudy

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

creaturesnounUS /ˈkriːtʃərz/

plural of “creature” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

darknessnounUS /ˈdɑːrknəs/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

denseadjectiveUS /dens/

permitting little if any light to pass through because of denseness of matter

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

divenounUS /daɪv/

a cheap disreputable nightclub or dance hall

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

downwardadjectiveUS /ˈdaʊnwərd/

extending or moving from a higher to a lower place

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

enemynounUS /ˈenəmi/

an opposing military force

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

entirelyadverbUS /ɪnˈtaɪərli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

fearsnounUS /fɪrz/

plural of “fear” — an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight)

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

fish-cloud

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

fish-fog

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

flat-fish

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

gotverbUS /ɡɑːt/

inflected form of “get” — come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

graduallyadverbUS /ˈɡrædʒuːəli/

in a gradual manner

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

headsnounUS /hedz/

plural of “head” — the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

helpverbUS /help/

give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

infestverbUS /ˌɪnˈfest/

invade in great numbers

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

numbersnounUS /ˈnʌmbərz/

the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

objectnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekt/

a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

opinionnounUS /əˈpɪnjən/

a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

perilnounUS /ˈperəl/

a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

personsnounUS /ˈpɜːrsənz/

plural of “person” — a human being

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

pierceverbUS /pɪrs/

cut or make a way through

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

pressingnounUS /ˈpresɪŋ/

the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

preventsverbUS /prɪˈvents/

third-person singular of “prevent” — keep from happening or arising; make impossible

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

resemblancenounUS /rɪˈzembləns/

similarity in appearance or external or superficial details

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

resultnounUS /rɪˈzʌlt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

returningadjectiveUS /rɪˈtɜːrnɪŋ/

tending to return to an earlier state

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

ridverbUS /rɪd/

relieve from

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

seasnounUS /siːz/

plural of “sea” — a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

SHARKnounUS /ʃɑːrk/

any of numerous elongate mostly marine carnivorous fishes with heterocercal caudal fins and tough skin covered with small toothlike scales

From this reading THE SHARK.

sharksnounUS /ʃɑːrks/

plural of “shark” — any of numerous elongate mostly marine carnivorous fishes with heterocercal caudal fins and tough skin covered with small toothlike scales

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

sharpadjectiveUS /ʃɑːrp/

(of something seen or heard) clearly defined

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

sortnounUS /sɔːrt/

a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

spongesnounUS /ˈspʌndʒəz/

plural of “sponge” — a porous mass of interlacing fibers that forms the internal skeleton of various marine animals and usable to absorb water or any porous rubber or cellulose product similarly used

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

stilettosnounUS /stəˈletoʊz/

plural of “stiletto” — a small dagger with a tapered blade

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

stringsnounUS /strɪŋz/

the section of an orchestra that plays stringed instruments

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE SHARK.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

theirspronounUS /ðerz/

the one or ones belonging to them

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

thickensverbUS /ˈθɪkənz/

third-person singular of “thicken” — make thick or thicker

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading These persons say that a sort of dense cloud gradually thickens over their heads, bearing a resemblance to some kind of animal like a flat-fish, and that, pressing downward upon them, it prevents them from returning to the surface.

VastadjectiveUS /væst/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

vicinitynounUS /vəˈsɪnəti/

a surrounding or nearby region

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Vast numbers of sharks infest the seas in the vicinity of the sponges, to the great peril of those who dive for them.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It is for this reason that they carry stilettos with them, very sharp at the point, and attached to them by strings; for if they did not pierce the object with the help of these, it could not be got rid of.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading This, however, is entirely the result, in my opinion, of the darkness and their own fears; for no person has ever yet been able to find, among living creatures, the fish-cloud or the fish-fog, the name which they give to this enemy of theirs.

Chapter 21 of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny by the Elder, 24?-79 Pliny holds 42 sentences, grouped into 9 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 21 of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny contain?

Chapter 21 holds 42 sentences of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny, unabridged, divided into 9 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 21 of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny by the Elder, 24?-79 Pliny exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 42 sentences, grouped into 9 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 21 of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny?

Work through the 9 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 9 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 21 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 21 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Is this the complete text of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny?

Yes. All 3612 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #58589 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #58589, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Boys' and Girls' Pliny take to read?

About 301 minutes of reading across 723 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The Boys' and Girls' Pliny

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Boys' and Girls' Pliny, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

White
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Little
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Village
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Province
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.