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The Boys' and Girls' Pliny
The Boys' and Girls' Pliny

Chapter XXXVIII

Chapter 38 of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny is here in full — 80 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/16 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
IRON.
Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.
For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.
It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.
But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Boys' and Girls' Pliny

Chapter XXXVIII

Chapter 38 of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny is here in full — 80 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/16 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
IRON.
/ˈaɪərn/
Line 2
Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.
/nekst tuː ˈkɑːpər kʌmz ðə ˈmetəl noʊn æz ˈaɪərn æt ðə seɪm taɪm ðə moʊst ˈjuːsfəl ənd ðə moʊst ˈfeɪtəl ˈɪnstrəmənt ɪn ðə hænd ʌv ˈmænˈkaɪnd/
Line 3
For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.
/fɔːr baɪ ðə eɪd ʌv ˈaɪərn wiː leɪ ˈoʊ.pən ðə ɡraʊnd wiː plænt triːz wiː priˈper ˈaʊər ˈvɪnjərdz ənd wiː fɔːrs ˈaʊər vaɪnz iːtʃ jɪr tuː rɪˈzuːm ðer ˈjuːθfəl steɪt baɪ ˈkʌtɪŋ əˈweɪ ðer dəˈkeɪd ˈbræntʃəz/
Line 4
It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.
/ɪt ɪz baɪ ðə eɪd ʌv ˈaɪərn ðæt wiː kənˈstrʌkt ˈhaʊsəz kliːv rɑːks ənd pərˈfɔːrm soʊ ˈmeni ˈʌðər ˈjuːsfəl ˈɔːfəsəz ʌv laɪf/
Line 5
But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.
/bʌt ɪt ɪz wɪð ˈaɪərn ˈɔːlsoʊ ðæt wɔːrz ˈmɜːrdərz ənd ˈrɑːbəriz ɑːr ɪˈfektɪd ənd ðɪs nɑːt ˈoʊnli hænd tuː hænd bʌt frʌm ə ˈdɪstəns ˈiːvɪn baɪ ðə eɪd ʌv ˈmɪsəlz ənd wɪŋd ˈwepənz naʊ lɔːntʃt frʌm ˈendʒənz naʊ hɜːrld baɪ ðə ˈhjuːmən ɑːrm ənd naʊ ˈfɜːrnɪʃt wɪð ˈfeðəri wɪŋz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

cleave verb US /kliːv/

separate or cut with a tool, such as a sharp instrument

From this reading “It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.”

construct verb US /kənˈstrʌkt/

make by combining materials and parts

From this reading “It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.”

decayed adjective US /dəˈkeɪd/

damaged by decay; hence unsound and useless

From this reading “For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.”

feathery adjective US /ˈfeðəri/

resembling or suggesting a feather or feathers

From this reading “But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.”

missiles noun US /ˈmɪsəlz/

plural of “missile” — a rocket carrying a warhead of conventional or nuclear explosives; may be ballistic or directed by remote control

From this reading “But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.”

murders noun US /ˈmɜːrdərz/

plural of “murder” — unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being

From this reading “But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.”

robberies noun US /ˈrɑːbəriz/

plural of “robbery” — larceny by threat of violence

From this reading “But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.”

vineyards noun US /ˈvɪnjərdz/

plural of “vineyard” — a farm of grapevines where wine grapes are produced

From this reading “For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

same time adjective + noun

In this reading “Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.”

most useful adverb + adjective

In this reading “Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.”

of mankind preposition + noun

In this reading “Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.”

most fatal adverb + adjective

In this reading “Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.”

by the aid preposition + article + noun counted as “by … aid”

In this reading “For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.”

by cutting preposition + noun

In this reading “For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.”

from a distance preposition + article + noun counted as “from … distance”

In this reading “But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.”

with iron preposition + noun

In this reading “But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.”

All words in this reading · 85

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

aidnounUS /eɪd/

a person or thing that is a resource that helps make something easier or possible to do

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

armnounUS /ɑːrm/

a human limb; technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

branchesnounUS /ˈbræntʃəz/

plural of “branch” — a division of some larger or more complex organization

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

cleaveverbUS /kliːv/

separate or cut with a tool, such as a sharp instrument

From this reading It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.

comesnounUS /kʌmz/

plural of “come” — the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

constructverbUS /kənˈstrʌkt/

make by combining materials and parts

From this reading It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.

coppernounUS /ˈkɑːpər/

a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element; occurs in various minerals but is the only metal that occurs abundantly in large masses; used as an electrical and thermal conductor

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

cuttingnounUS /ˈkʌtɪŋ/

the activity of selecting the scenes to be shown and putting them together to create a film

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

decayedadjectiveUS /dəˈkeɪd/

damaged by decay; hence unsound and useless

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

distancenounUS /ˈdɪstəns/

the property created by the space between two objects or points

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

effectedadjectiveUS /ɪˈfektɪd/

settled securely and unconditionally

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

enginesnounUS /ˈendʒənz/

plural of “engine” — motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

fataladjectiveUS /ˈfeɪtəl/

bringing death

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

featheryadjectiveUS /ˈfeðəri/

resembling or suggesting a feather or feathers

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

furnishedadjectiveUS /ˈfɜːrnɪʃt/

provided with whatever is necessary for a purpose (as furniture or equipment or authority)

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

housesnounUS /ˈhaʊsəz/

plural of “house” — a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

hurledverbUS /hɜːrld/

past form of “hurl” — throw forcefully

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

instrumentnounUS /ˈɪnstrəmənt/

a device that requires skill for proper use

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

IRONnounUS /ˈaɪərn/

a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood

From this reading IRON.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

launchedverbUS /lɔːntʃt/

past form of “launch” — set up or found

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.

mankindnounUS /ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.

metalnounUS /ˈmetəl/

any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc.

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

missilesnounUS /ˈmɪsəlz/

plural of “missile” — a rocket carrying a warhead of conventional or nuclear explosives; may be ballistic or directed by remote control

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

murdersnounUS /ˈmɜːrdərz/

plural of “murder” — unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

NextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

officesnounUS /ˈɔːfəsəz/

plural of “office” — place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed

From this reading It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

openverbUS /ˈoʊ.pən/

To move from a closed position.

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

performverbUS /pərˈfɔːrm/

carry out or perform an action

From this reading It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.

plantverbUS /plænt/

put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

prepareverbUS /priˈper/

make ready or suitable or equip in advance for a particular purpose or for some use, event, etc

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

resumeverbUS /rɪˈzuːm/

take up or begin anew

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

robberiesnounUS /ˈrɑːbəriz/

plural of “robbery” — larceny by threat of violence

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

rocksnounUS /rɑːks/

plural of “rock” — a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It is by the aid of iron that we construct houses, cleave rocks, and perform so many other useful offices of life.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

usefuladjectiveUS /ˈjuːsfəl/

being of use or service

From this reading Next to copper comes the metal known as iron, at the same time the most useful and the most fatal instrument in the hand of mankind.

vinesnounUS /vaɪnz/

plural of “vine” — a plant with a weak stem that derives support from climbing, twining, or creeping along a surface

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

vineyardsnounUS /ˈvɪnjərdz/

plural of “vineyard” — a farm of grapevines where wine grapes are produced

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

warsnounUS /wɔːrz/

plural of “war” — the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

weaponsnounUS /ˈwepənz/

plural of “weapon” — any instrument or instrumentality used in fighting or hunting

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

wingedadjectiveUS /wɪŋd/

having wings or as if having wings of a specified kind

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

wingsnounUS /wɪŋz/

a means of flight or ascent

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading But it is with iron also that wars, murders, and robberies are effected, and this, not only hand to hand, but from a distance even, by the aid of missiles and winged weapons, now launched from engines, now hurled by the human arm, and now furnished with feathery wings.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

youthfuladjectiveUS /ˈjuːθfəl/

suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh

From this reading For by the aid of iron we lay open the ground, we plant trees, we prepare our vineyards, and we force our vines each year to resume their youthful state, by cutting away their decayed branches.

Chapter 38 of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny by the Elder, 24?-79 Pliny holds 80 sentences, grouped into 16 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 38 of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny contain?

Chapter 38 holds 80 sentences of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny, unabridged, divided into 16 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 38 of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny by the Elder, 24?-79 Pliny exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 80 sentences, grouped into 16 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 38 of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny?

Work through the 16 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 16 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 38 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 38 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Boys' and Girls' Pliny

Common questions about reading The Boys' and Girls' Pliny by the Elder, 24?-79 Pliny on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny?

Yes. All 3612 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #58589 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #58589, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Boys' and Girls' Pliny take to read?

About 301 minutes of reading across 723 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Boys' and Girls' Pliny section by section

How to work through The Boys' and Girls' Pliny section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Boys' and Girls' Pliny

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Boys' and Girls' Pliny, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

White
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Little
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Village
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Province
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Boys' and Girls' Pliny; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.