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The Bread-winners: A Social Study
The Bread-winners: A Social Study

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Bread-winners: A Social Study is here in full — 420 sentences across 84 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/84 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.
A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.
The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.
The hair was also as black as hair can be, and was parted near the middle of his forehead.
It was inclined to curl, but had not the length required by this inclination.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Bread-winners: A Social Study

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Bread-winners: A Social Study is here in full — 420 sentences across 84 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/84 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.
Line 2
A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.
/ə ˈdʒentəlmən huː wɑːz ˈsiːtɪd ɪn frʌnt ʌv ðə ˈfaɪər ˈriːdɪŋ ə ˈnuːzpeɪpər lʊkt ʌp æt ðə klɑːk tuː siː wʌt ˈaʊər ɪt wɑːz tuː seɪv hɪmˈself ðə ˈtrʌbəl ʌv ˈkaʊntɪŋ ðə sloʊ ˈmjuːzɪkəl stroʊks/
Line 3
The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.
/ðə aɪz hiː reɪzd wɜːr laɪt ɡreɪ wɪð ə bluː ɡlɪnt ʌv stiːl ɪn ðem ˈʃeɪdɪd baɪ ˈlæʃɪz æz blæk æz dʒet/
Line 4
The hair was also as black as hair can be, and was parted near the middle of his forehead.
/ðə her wɑːz ˈɔːlsoʊ æz blæk æz her kæn biː ənd wɑːz ˈpɑːrtɪd nɪr ðə ˈmɪdəl ʌv hɪz ˈfɔːrhed/
Line 5
It was inclined to curl, but had not the length required by this inclination.
/ɪt wɑːz ˌɪnˈklaɪnd tuː kɜːrl bʌt hæd nɑːt ðə leŋkθ riˈkwaɪərd baɪ ðɪs ˌɪnkləˈneɪʃən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

curl verb US /kɜːrl/

form a curl, curve, or kink

From this reading “It was inclined to curl, but had not the length required by this inclination.”

glint verb US /ɡlɪnt/

be shiny, as if wet

From this reading “The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.”

insects noun US /ˈɪnsekts/

plural of “insect” — small air-breathing arthropod

From this reading “A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.”

jet noun US /dʒet/

an airplane powered by one or more jet engines

From this reading “The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.”

lashes noun US /ˈlæʃɪz/

plural of “lash” — any of the short curved hairs that grow from the edges of the eyelids

From this reading “The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.”

mellow adjective US /ˈmeloʊ/

unhurried and relaxed

From this reading “A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.”

processes noun US /ˈprɑːsesəz/

plural of “process” — a particular course of action intended to achieve a result

From this reading “A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.”

strokes noun US /stroʊks/

plural of “stroke” — (sports) the act of swinging or striking at a ball with a club or racket or bat or cue or hand

From this reading “A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.”

All words in this reading · 91

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading The hair was also as black as hair can be, and was parted near the middle of his forehead.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The hair was also as black as hair can be, and was parted near the middle of his forehead.

bellnounUS /bel/

a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

betrayverbUS /bɪˈtreɪ/

reveal unintentionally

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

betrayedverbUS /bɪˈtreɪd/

past form of “betray” — reveal unintentionally

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

blueadjectiveUS /bluː/

of the color intermediate between green and violet; having a color similar to that of a clear unclouded sky

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

brassnounUS /bræs/

an alloy of copper and zinc

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading It was inclined to curl, but had not the length required by this inclination.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading The hair was also as black as hair can be, and was parted near the middle of his forehead.

cathedralnounUS /kəˈθiːdrəl/

any large and important church

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

clangornoun

a loud resonant repeating noise

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

clocknounUS /klɑːk/

a timepiece that shows the time of day

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

countingnounUS /ˈkaʊntɪŋ/

the act of counting; reciting numbers in ascending order

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

crystalnounUS /ˈkrɪstəl/

a solid formed by the solidification of a chemical and having a highly regular atomic structure

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

curlverbUS /kɜːrl/

form a curl, curve, or kink

From this reading It was inclined to curl, but had not the length required by this inclination.

distantadjectiveUS /ˈdɪstənt/

separated in space or coming from or going to a distance

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

fireverbUS /ˈfaɪər/

start firing a weapon

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

foreheadnounUS /ˈfɔːrhed/

the part of the face above the eyes

From this reading The hair was also as black as hair can be, and was parted near the middle of his forehead.

framedadjectiveUS /freɪmd/

provided with a frame

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

frontnounUS /frʌnt/

the side that is forward or prominent

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

gentlemannounUS /ˈdʒentəlmən/

a man of refinement

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

glintverbUS /ɡlɪnt/

be shiny, as if wet

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

graynounUS /ɡreɪ/

a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading It was inclined to curl, but had not the length required by this inclination.

hairnounUS /her/

a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head); helps to prevent heat loss

From this reading The hair was also as black as hair can be, and was parted near the middle of his forehead.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The hair was also as black as hair can be, and was parted near the middle of his forehead.

hournounUS /ˈaʊər/

a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

inclinationnounUS /ˌɪnkləˈneɪʃən/

an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading It was inclined to curl, but had not the length required by this inclination.

inclinedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈklaɪnd/

(often followed by “to”) having a preference, disposition, or tendency

From this reading It was inclined to curl, but had not the length required by this inclination.

inneradjectiveUS /ˈɪnər/

located inward

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

insectsnounUS /ˈɪnsekts/

plural of “insect” — small air-breathing arthropod

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

jetnounUS /dʒet/

an airplane powered by one or more jet engines

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

lashesnounUS /ˈlæʃɪz/

plural of “lash” — any of the short curved hairs that grow from the edges of the eyelids

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

lengthnounUS /leŋkθ/

the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place

From this reading It was inclined to curl, but had not the length required by this inclination.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

lingeringnounUS /ˈlɪŋɡərɪŋ/

the act of tarrying

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

mantel-piece

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

mellowadjectiveUS /ˈmeloʊ/

unhurried and relaxed

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

middlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading The hair was also as black as hair can be, and was parted near the middle of his forehead.

musicaladjectiveUS /ˈmjuːzɪkəl/

characterized by or capable of producing music

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading The hair was also as black as hair can be, and was parted near the middle of his forehead.

newspapernounUS /ˈnuːzpeɪpər/

a daily or weekly publication on folded sheets; contains news and articles and advertisements

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It was inclined to curl, but had not the length required by this inclination.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

partedadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːrtɪd/

having a margin incised almost to the base so as to create distinct divisions or lobes

From this reading The hair was also as black as hair can be, and was parted near the middle of his forehead.

processesnounUS /ˈprɑːsesəz/

plural of “process” — a particular course of action intended to achieve a result

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

raisedadjectiveUS /reɪzd/

located or moved above the surround or above the normal position

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

readingnounUS /ˈriːdɪŋ/

the cognitive process of understanding a written linguistic message

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

requiredadjectiveUS /riˈkwaɪərd/

necessary for relief or supply

From this reading It was inclined to curl, but had not the length required by this inclination.

saveprepositionUS /seɪv/

except for; apart from

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

seatedadjectiveUS /ˈsiːtɪd/

(of persons) having the torso erect and legs bent with the body supported on the buttocks

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

shadedadjectiveUS /ˈʃeɪdɪd/

protected from heat and light with shade or shadow

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

sidesnounUS /saɪdz/

plural of “side” — a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

slowadjectiveUS /sloʊ/

not moving quickly; taking a comparatively long time

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

steelnounUS /stiːl/

an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon; widely used in construction; mechanical properties can be varied over a wide range

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

strokesnounUS /stroʊks/

plural of “stroke” — (sports) the act of swinging or striking at a ball with a club or racket or bat or cue or hand

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

struckadjectiveUS /strʌk/

(used in combination) affected by something overwhelming

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

structurenounUS /ˈstrʌktʃər/

a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

tennounUS /ten/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading It was inclined to curl, but had not the length required by this inclination.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

transparentadjectiveUS /trænˈsperənt/

transmitting light; able to be seen through with clarity

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

troublenounUS /ˈtrʌbəl/

a source of difficulty

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

vitaladjectiveUS /ˈvaɪtəl/

urgently needed; absolutely necessary

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The eyes he raised were light gray, with a blue glint of steel in them, shaded by lashes as black as jet.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading A gentleman, who was seated in front of the fire reading a newspaper, looked up at the clock to see what hour it was, to save himself the trouble of counting the slow, musical strokes.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading A French clock on the mantel-piece, framed of brass and crystal, which betrayed its inner structure as the transparent sides of some insects betray their vital processes, struck ten with the mellow and lingering clangor of a distant cathedral bell.

Chapter 1 of The Bread-winners: A Social Study by John Hay holds 420 sentences, grouped into 84 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of The Bread-winners: A Social Study contain?

Chapter 1 holds 420 sentences of The Bread-winners: A Social Study, unabridged, divided into 84 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of The Bread-winners: A Social Study by John Hay exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 420 sentences, grouped into 84 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of The Bread-winners: A Social Study?

Work through the 84 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 84 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Bread-winners: A Social Study

Common questions about reading The Bread-winners: A Social Study by John Hay on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Bread-winners: A Social Study?

Yes. All 4993 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #16321 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Bread-winners: A Social Study is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #16321, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Bread-winners: A Social Study take to read?

About 416 minutes of reading across 999 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Bread-winners: A Social Study section by section

How to work through The Bread-winners: A Social Study section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 12 chapters of The Bread-winners: A Social Study to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Bread-winners: A Social Study

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Bread-winners: A Social Study, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

French
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bread-winners: A Social Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Clock
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bread-winners: A Social Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Mantel-piece
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bread-winners: A Social Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Framed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bread-winners: A Social Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.