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The British Jugernath
The British Jugernath

Chapter XV

Chapter 15 of The British Jugernath is here in full — 53 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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ADVERSE PROSPERITY.
I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.
Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.
The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.
It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The British Jugernath

Chapter XV

Chapter 15 of The British Jugernath is here in full — 53 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
ADVERSE PROSPERITY.
/ædˈvɜːrs prɑːˈsperəti/
Line 2
I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.
/aɪ hæv ə fjuː wɜːrdz tuː seɪ əˈbaʊt haɪ ˈweɪdʒəz ənd prɑːˈsperəti bɪˈfɔːr aɪ kwɪt ðə səbˈdʒekt/
Line 3
Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.
Line 4
The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.
/ðə ˈreɪzɪŋ ʌv ˈweɪdʒəz wɪˈðɪn ˈriːzənəbəl baʊndz ɪz dɪˈzaɪrəbəl bʌt ɪn ə friː treɪd ˈkʌntri ɪt ɪz æpt tuː biː əˈtendɪd wɪð ˈsɪriəs ˈkɑːnsəkwensəz ɪn ˈreɪzɪŋ ðə kɑːst ʌv ðə ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərd ˈɑːrtəkəl wen kəmˈpiːtɪŋ əˈɡenst ðə ˌmænjəˈfæktʃər ʌv ˈfɔːrən ˈkʌntriz wer ˈweɪdʒəz ɑːr ˈloʊər ənd ˈaʊərz ʌv wɜːrk ˈlɔːŋɡər/
Line 5
It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

adverse adjective US /ædˈvɜːrs/

contrary to your interests or welfare

From this reading “ADVERSE PROSPERITY.”

advocates noun US /ˈædvəkəts/

plural of “advocate” — a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea

From this reading “It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.”

aims noun US /eɪmz/

plural of “aim” — an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading “Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.”

competing verb US /kəmˈpiːtɪŋ/

-ing form of “compete” — compete for something; engage in a contest; measure oneself against others

From this reading “The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.”

manufactured adjective US /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərd/

produced in a large-scale industrial operation

From this reading “The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.”

sensibly adverb US /ˈsensəbli/

with good sense or in a reasonable or intelligent manner

From this reading “It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.”

trades noun US /treɪdz/

plural of “trade” — the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading “Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.”

unionism noun US /ˈjuːnjənɪzəm/

the system or principles and theory of labor unions

From this reading “Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

per cent preposition + noun

In this reading “It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.”

forty years adjective + noun

In this reading “It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.”

foreign countries adjective + noun counted as “foreign country”

any state of which one is not a citizen

In this reading “The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.”

serious consequences adjective + noun counted as “serious consequence”

In this reading “The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.”

few words adjective + noun

In this reading “I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.”

Free Trade verb + noun

international trade free of government interference

In this reading “The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.”

high wages adjective + noun

In this reading “I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.”

some extent adjective + noun

In this reading “Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.”

All words in this reading · 98

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

20

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

50

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

ADVERSEadjectiveUS /ædˈvɜːrs/

contrary to your interests or welfare

From this reading ADVERSE PROSPERITY.

advocatesnounUS /ˈædvəkəts/

plural of “advocate” — a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

aimsnounUS /eɪmz/

plural of “aim” — an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

AlthoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

aptadjectiveUS /æpt/

(usually followed by “to”) naturally disposed toward

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

articlenounUS /ˈɑːrtəkəl/

nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

attendedadjectiveUS /əˈtendɪd/

playing or singing with instrumental or vocal accompaniment

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

boundsnounUS /baʊndz/

the line or plane indicating the limit or extent of something

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

centnounUS /sent/

a fractional monetary unit of several countries

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

competingverbUS /kəmˈpiːtɪŋ/

-ing form of “compete” — compete for something; engage in a contest; measure oneself against others

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

consequencesnounUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwensəz/

plural of “consequence” — a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

consequentlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

costnounUS /kɑːst/

the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

countriesnounUS /ˈkʌntriz/

plural of “country” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

desirableadjectiveUS /dɪˈzaɪrəbəl/

worth having or seeking or achieving

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

extentnounUS /ɪkˈstent/

the point or degree to which something extends

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

extremeadjectiveUS /ekˈstriːm/

of the greatest possible degree or extent or intensity

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

far-seeing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

foreignadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrən/

of concern to or concerning the affairs of other nations (other than your own)

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

fortyadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrti/

being ten more than thirty

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

FreeverbUS /friː/

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

higheradjectiveUS /ˈhaɪər/

advanced in complexity or elaboration

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

hoursnounUS /ˈaʊərz/

a period of time assigned for work

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

increasedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkriːst/

made greater in size or amount or degree

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

labournounUS /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

longeradverbUS /ˈlɔːŋɡər/

for more time

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

manufactureverbUS /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃər/

put together out of artificial or natural components or parts

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

manufacturedadjectiveUS /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərd/

produced in a large-scale industrial operation

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

mischievousadjectiveUS /ˈmɪstʃəvəs/

naughtily or annoyingly playful

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

narrowverbUS /ˈneroʊ/

make or become more narrow or restricted

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

perprepositionUS /pɜːr/

for each

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

PROSPERITYnounUS /prɑːˈsperəti/

an economic state of growth with rising profits and full employment

From this reading ADVERSE PROSPERITY.

protectionnounUS /prəˈtekʃən/

the activity of protecting someone or something

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

proudadjectiveUS /praʊd/

feeling self-respect or pleasure in something by which you measure your self-worth; or being a reason for pride

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

provisionsnounUS /prəˈvɪʒənz/

a stock or supply of foods

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

quitverbUS /kwɪt/

put an end to a state or an activity

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

raisingnounUS /ˈreɪzɪŋ/

the event of something being raised upward

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

reasonableadjectiveUS /ˈriːzənəbəl/

showing reason or sound judgment

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

resultsnounUS /rɪˈzʌlts/

plural of “result” — a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

riseverbUS /raɪz/

move upward

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

sensiblyadverbUS /ˈsensəbli/

with good sense or in a reasonable or intelligent manner

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

seriousadjectiveUS /ˈsɪriəs/

concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

sufficientlyadverbUS /səˈfɪʃəntli/

to a sufficient degree

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

TradenounUS /treɪd/

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

tradesnounUS /treɪdz/

plural of “trade” — the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

unionismnounUS /ˈjuːnjənɪzəm/

the system or principles and theory of labor unions

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

wagesnounUS /ˈweɪdʒəz/

a recompense for worthy acts or retribution for wrongdoing

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading The raising of wages within reasonable bounds is desirable; but, in a Free Trade country, it is apt to be attended with serious consequences in raising the cost of the manufactured article, when competing against the manufacture of foreign countries, where wages are lower and hours of work longer.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading I have a few words to say about high wages and prosperity, before I quit the subject.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading Although the rise of wages is, in fact, to some extent, the work of protection, I am not proud of it; for trades unionism is protection of an extreme character, generally narrow in its aims, not sufficiently far-seeing, and consequently sometimes mischievous in its results.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading It is said by Free Trade advocates, that although the cost of provisions has not sensibly increased, yet _wages are 50 per cent. higher, and hours of labour 20 per cent. less_, than they were forty years ago.

Chapter 15 of The British Jugernath by Guilford L. (Guilford Lindsey) Molesworth holds 53 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 15 of The British Jugernath contain?

Chapter 15 holds 53 sentences of The British Jugernath, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 15 of The British Jugernath by Guilford L. (Guilford Lindsey) Molesworth exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 53 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 15 of The British Jugernath?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 15 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The British Jugernath

Common questions about reading The British Jugernath by Guilford L. (Guilford Lindsey) Molesworth on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The British Jugernath?

Yes. All 1352 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #55493 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The British Jugernath is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #55493, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The British Jugernath take to read?

About 112 minutes of reading across 271 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The British Jugernath

Words and structures a reader meets early in The British Jugernath, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Italic
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The British Jugernath; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Denoted
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The British Jugernath; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Underscores
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The British Jugernath; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Footnotes
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