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The Bruce
The Bruce

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of The Bruce is here in full — 244 sentences across 49 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/48 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.
Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.
And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.
For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.
The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Bruce

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of The Bruce is here in full — 244 sentences across 49 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/48 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.
/hiːr pæst ɪn ˈaɪərlənd ðə ˈnoʊbəl kɪŋ tuː hɪz ˈbrʌðər wɪð ɡreɪt ˈɡæðərɪŋ/
Line 2
Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.
Line 3
And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.
Line 4
For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.
Line 5
The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bath noun US /bæθ/

a vessel containing liquid in which something is immersed (as to process it or to maintain it at a constant temperature or to lubricate it)

From this reading “For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.”

cum noun US /kʌm/

the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract

From this reading “And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.”

Ireland noun US /ˈaɪərlənd/

a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921

From this reading “Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.”

pas noun US /pɑːz/

(ballet) a step in dancing (especially in classical ballet)

From this reading “Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.”

Scotland noun US /ˈskɑːtlənd/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts

From this reading “Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.”

thai adjective US /taɪ/

of or relating to or characteristic of Thailand or its people

From this reading “For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.”

weill noun US /waɪl/

German composer; collaborated with Bertolt Brecht (1900-1950)

From this reading “The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.”

withstand verb US /wɪθˈstænd/

resist or confront with resistance

From this reading “For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.”

All words in this reading · 89

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

10

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

15

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

5

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

agayn

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

AndconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

arivit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

barnage

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

bathnounUS /bæθ/

a vessel containing liquid in which something is immersed (as to process it or to maintain it at a constant temperature or to lubricate it)

From this reading For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.

brothernounUS /ˈbrʌðər/

a male with the same parents as someone else

From this reading Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.

chargit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

Clair

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

Cragfergus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

cumnounUS /kʌm/

the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

cummyn

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

discumfit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

EdwardnounUS /ˈedwərd/

King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

Erll

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

furth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

fynd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.

gane

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

gatheringnounUS /ˈɡæðərɪŋ/

a group of persons together in one place

From this reading Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.

gruching

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

gud

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

Hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

HereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.

hym

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.

in-to

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.

IrelandnounUS /ˈaɪərlənd/

a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921

From this reading Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.

Irland

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.

leiff

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

levit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

mayne

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

Murreff

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

nane

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.

nobleadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊbəl/

impressive in appearance

From this reading Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

pasnounUS /pɑːz/

(ballet) a step in dancing (especially in classical ballet)

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.

prayverbUS /preɪ/

address a deity, a prophet, a saint or an object of worship; say a prayer

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

Quhen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

Richard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

salit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

schippes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

Schir

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

ScotlandnounUS /ˈskɑːtlənd/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

senounUS /seɪ/

a toxic nonmetallic element related to sulfur and tellurium

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

soyne

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

specialy

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

Suld

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

syne

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

tald

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

tane

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

thaiadjectiveUS /taɪ/

of or relating to or characteristic of Thailand or its people

From this reading For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.

thaim

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading And he hym levit with a gruching, And syne him chargit to the King, 10 Till pray him specialy that he Suld cum in Irland him to se.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.

ThomasnounUS /ˈtɑːməs/

United States clockmaker who introduced mass production (1785-1859)

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

Thris

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

throu

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

TillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.

Tuk

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

vassalagenoun

the state of a serf

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

weillnounUS /waɪl/

German composer; collaborated with Bertolt Brecht (1900-1950)

From this reading The Erll furth than his way has tane, 15 And till his schippes is he gane, And salit out weill our the se, In Scotland soyne arivit he.

wes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Here passed in Ireland the noble King To his brother with great gathering.

withstandverbUS /wɪθˈstænd/

resist or confront with resistance

From this reading For, war thai bath in-to that land, Thai suld fynd nane suld thaim withstand.

worthyadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːr.ði/

Having or showing the qualities or abilities that merit recognition in character or magic.

From this reading Quhen Schir Edward, as I tald air, Had discumfit Richard of Clair, And of Irland all the barnage Thris, throu his worthy vassalage, And syne with all his men of mayne 5 Till Cragfergus wes cummyn agayn, The gud Erll of Murreff, Thomas, Tuk leiff in Scotland for till pas.

Chapter 16 of The Bruce by John, -1395 Barbour holds 244 sentences, grouped into 49 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 16 of The Bruce contain?

Chapter 16 holds 244 sentences of The Bruce, unabridged, divided into 49 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 16 of The Bruce by John, -1395 Barbour exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 244 sentences, grouped into 49 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 16 of The Bruce?

Work through the 49 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 49 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 16 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 16 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Bruce

Common questions about reading The Bruce by John, -1395 Barbour on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Bruce?

Yes. All 8217 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #44292 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Bruce is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #44292, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Bruce take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1644 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Bruce section by section

How to work through The Bruce section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 39 chapters of The Bruce to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Bruce

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Bruce, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Mackenzie
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bruce; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bruce; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Outline
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bruce; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Scottish
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bruce; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.