Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The Bruce
The Bruce

Chapter XXI

Chapter 21 of The Bruce is here in full — 246 sentences across 50 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Bruce
Context Illustration Reading 1/49 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, when the wine was giving its colour in the cup (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.
Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).
Gloucester was presently in the field against Bruce.
Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his full confidence (_Fœdera_, ii., p.
988).
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Bruce

Chapter XXI

Chapter 21 of The Bruce is here in full — 246 sentences across 50 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/49 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.
Line 2
Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).
Line 3
Gloucester was presently in the field against Bruce.
/ˈɡlɑːstər wɑːz ˈprezəntli ɪn ðə fiːld əˈɡenst bruːs/
Line 4
Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed hisfull confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.
Line 5
988).

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Bruce noun US /bruːs/

Australian physician and bacteriologist who described the bacterium that causes undulant fever or brucellosis (1855-1931)

From this reading “17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.”

cum noun US /kʌm/

the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract

Gloucester noun US /ˈɡlɑːstər/

a town in northeastern Massachusetts on Cape Ann to the northeast of Boston; the harbor has been a fishing center for centuries

From this reading “Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).”

pennies noun US /ˈpeniz/

plural of “penny” — a fractional monetary unit of Ireland and the United Kingdom; equal to one hundredth of a pound

From this reading “Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).”

raid verb US /reɪd/

search without warning, make a sudden surprise attack on

From this reading “17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.”

rupture verb US /ˈrʌptʃər/

separate or cause to separate abruptly

From this reading “Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his “full confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.”

spurs noun US /spɜːrz/

plural of “spur” — a verbalization that encourages you to attempt something

From this reading “Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).”

Thai adjective US /taɪ/

of or relating to or characteristic of Thailand or its people

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

silver pennies noun + noun counted as “silver penny”

In this reading “Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).”

on the morrow preposition + article + noun counted as “on … morrow”

In this reading “17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.”

full confidence adjective + noun

In this reading “Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his “full confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.”

in the field preposition + article + noun counted as “in … field”

In this reading “Gloucester was presently in the field against Bruce.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

17

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

988

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 988).

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading Gloucester was presently in the field against Bruce.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

Annalia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

bednounUS /bed/

a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

BrucenounUS /bruːs/

Australian physician and bacteriologist who described the bacterium that causes undulant fever or brucellosis (1855-1931)

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

calice

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

colouradjectiveUS /ˈkʌlər/

having or capable of producing colors

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

confidencenounUS /ˈkɑːnfədəns/

freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities

From this reading Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his “full confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.

conveyedverbUS /kənˈveɪd/

past form of “convey” — (of information) make known; pass on

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

cumnounUS /kʌm/

the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

cupnounUS /kʌp/

a small open container usually used for drinking; usually has a handle

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

cxiv

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

dangernounUS /ˈdeɪndʒər/

the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

declaredadjectiveUS /dɪˈklerd/

made known or openly avowed

From this reading Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his “full confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.

enounUS /iː/

a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal reproduction; an important antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals in the body

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

EarlnounUS /ɜːrl/

a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

EdwardnounUS /ˈedwərd/

King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

enjoyedverbUS /ˌenˈdʒɔɪd/

past form of “enjoy” — derive or receive pleasure from; get enjoyment from; take pleasure in

From this reading Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his “full confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.

explainedverbUS /ɪkˈspleɪnd/

past form of “explain” — make plain and comprehensible

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading Gloucester was presently in the field against Bruce.

Fordun

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

fulladjectiveUS /fʊl/

containing as much or as many as is possible or normal

From this reading Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his “full confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.

Fœdera

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his “full confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.

Gesta

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

givingnounUS /ˈɡɪvɪŋ/

the act of giving

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

GloucesternounUS /ˈɡlɑːstər/

a town in northeastern Massachusetts on Cape Ann to the northeast of Boston; the harbor has been a fishing center for centuries

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his “full confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.

hintnounUS /hɪnt/

an indirect suggestion

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

ipronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

iinoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his “full confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

loseverbUS /luːz/

fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

merum

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

Monthermer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

morrownounUS /ˈmɑːroʊ/

the next day

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

pnounUS /piː/

a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms

From this reading Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his “full confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.

pairnounUS /per/

a set of two similar things considered as a unit

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

penniesnounUS /ˈpeniz/

plural of “penny” — a fractional monetary unit of Ireland and the United Kingdom; equal to one hundredth of a pound

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

presentlyadverbUS /ˈprezəntli/

in the near future

From this reading Gloucester was presently in the field against Bruce.

raidverbUS /reɪd/

search without warning, make a sudden surprise attack on

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

Ralph

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

Randolph

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

ruptureverbUS /ˈrʌptʃər/

separate or cause to separate abruptly

From this reading Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his “full confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.

silvernounUS /ˈsɪlvər/

a soft white precious univalent metallic element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal; occurs in argentite and in free form; used in coins and jewelry and tableware and photography

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

splenderet

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

spursnounUS /spɜːrz/

plural of “spur” — a verbalization that encourages you to attempt something

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

ThaiadjectiveUS /taɪ/

of or relating to or characteristic of Thailand or its people

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

Thereupon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his “full confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

twelvenounUS /twelv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one

From this reading Thereupon the hint of his danger was conveyed to Bruce by the Earl of Gloucester (_i.e._, Randolph or Ralph de Monthermer), in the form of twelve silver pennies and a pair of spurs (_Gesta Annalia_, cxiv.).

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Edward declared that up to the time of the rupture, Bruce had enjoyed his “full confidence” (_Fœdera_, ii., p.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

winenounUS /waɪn/

fermented juice (of grapes especially)

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading 17 _Thai raid._ The account in Fordun is that one night, “when the wine was giving its colour in the cup” (_cum merum splenderet in calice_), Edward, on his way to bed, explained that on the morrow Bruce would lose his life.

Chapter 21 of The Bruce by John, -1395 Barbour holds 246 sentences, grouped into 50 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 21 of The Bruce contain?

Chapter 21 holds 246 sentences of The Bruce, unabridged, divided into 50 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 21 of The Bruce by John, -1395 Barbour exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 246 sentences, grouped into 50 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 21 of The Bruce?

Work through the 50 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 50 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 21 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 21 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Bruce

Common questions about reading The Bruce by John, -1395 Barbour on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Bruce?

Yes. All 8217 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #44292 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Bruce is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #44292, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Bruce take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1644 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Bruce section by section

How to work through The Bruce section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 39 chapters of The Bruce to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Bruce

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Bruce, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Mackenzie
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bruce; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bruce; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Outline
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bruce; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Scottish
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bruce; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.