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The Bruce
The Bruce

Chapter XXIII

Chapter 23 of The Bruce is here in full — 162 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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10-12 _off na degree ...
Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.
204).
13 _byschop Robert._ Robert Wischard, or Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow since 1273.
He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Bruce

Chapter XXIII

Chapter 23 of The Bruce is here in full — 162 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/32 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
10-12 _off na degree ...
Line 2
Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.
Line 3
204).
Line 4
13 _byschop Robert._ Robert Wischard, or Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow since 1273.
Line 5
He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

clerics noun US /ˈklerɪks/

plural of “cleric” — a clergyman or other person in religious orders

From this reading “Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.”

countrymen noun US /ˈkʌntrimɪn/

plural of “countryman” — a man from your own country

From this reading “Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.”

fealty noun US /ˈfiːəlti/

the loyalty that citizens owe to their country (or subjects to their sovereign)

From this reading “He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.”

Glasgow noun US /ˈɡlæskoʊ/

largest city in Scotland; a port on the Clyde in west central Scotland; one of the great shipbuilding centers of the world

From this reading “13 _byschop Robert._ Robert Wischard, or Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow since 1273.”

Guardian noun US /ˈɡɑːrdiən/

a person who cares for persons or property

From this reading “He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.”

hanged verb US /hæŋd/

past form of “hang” — be suspended or hanging

From this reading “Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.”

knights noun US /naɪts/

plural of “knight” — originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry; today in Great Britain a person honored by the sovereign for personal merit

From this reading “Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.”

oath noun US /oʊθ/

profane or obscene expression usually of surprise or anger

From this reading “He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

common folk adjective + noun

In this reading “Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.”

in spite preposition + noun

In this reading “Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.”

six times noun + noun

by a factor of six

In this reading “He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.”

All words in this reading · 72

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

10

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 10-12 _off na degree ...

12

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 10-12 _off na degree ...

1273

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 13 _byschop Robert._ Robert Wischard, or Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow since 1273.

13

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 13 _byschop Robert._ Robert Wischard, or Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow since 1273.

1306

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

204

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 204).

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

BishopnounUS /ˈbɪʃəp/

a senior member of the Christian clergy having spiritual and administrative authority; appointed in Christian churches to oversee priests or ministers; considered in some churches to be successors of the twelve Apostles of Christ

From this reading 13 _byschop Robert._ Robert Wischard, or Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow since 1273.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

byschop

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 13 _byschop Robert._ Robert Wischard, or Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow since 1273.

churchnounUS /tʃɜːrtʃ/

one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

clericsnounUS /ˈklerɪks/

plural of “cleric” — a clergyman or other person in religious orders

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

countrymennounUS /ˈkʌntrimɪn/

plural of “countryman” — a man from your own country

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

degreenounUS /dɪˈɡriː/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading 10-12 _off na degree ...

EdwardnounUS /ˈedwərd/

King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

et

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

etc

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

fealtynounUS /ˈfiːəlti/

the loyalty that citizens owe to their country (or subjects to their sovereign)

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

folknounUS /foʊk/

people in general (often used in the plural)

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

GlasgownounUS /ˈɡlæskoʊ/

largest city in Scotland; a port on the Clyde in west central Scotland; one of the great shipbuilding centers of the world

From this reading 13 _byschop Robert._ Robert Wischard, or Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow since 1273.

GuardiannounUS /ˈɡɑːrdiən/

a person who cares for persons or property

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

hangedverbUS /hæŋd/

past form of “hang” — be suspended or hanging

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

KingdomnounUS /ˈkɪŋdəm/

a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

knightsnounUS /naɪts/

plural of “knight” — originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry; today in Great Britain a person honored by the sovereign for personal merit

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

kyrk

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

laici

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

Lanercost

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

latteradjectiveUS /ˈlætər/

referring to the second of two things or persons mentioned (or the last one or ones of several)

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

membersnounUS /ˈmembərz/

plural of “member” — one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

nanounUS /nɑː/

a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group

From this reading 10-12 _off na degree ...

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

notesnounUS /noʊts/

plural of “note” — a brief written record

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

Nothir

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

oathnounUS /oʊθ/

profane or obscene expression usually of surprise or anger

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading 10-12 _off na degree ...

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading 13 _byschop Robert._ Robert Wischard, or Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow since 1273.

pnounUS /piː/

a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

prebendaries

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

professionnounUS /prəˈfeʃən/

the body of people in a learned occupation

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

RobertnounUS /ˈrɑːbərt/

United States parliamentary authority and author (in 1876) of Robert's Rules of Order (1837-1923)

From this reading 13 _byschop Robert._ Robert Wischard, or Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow since 1273.

rurales

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

simplices

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading 13 _byschop Robert._ Robert Wischard, or Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow since 1273.

sixnounUS /sɪks/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

spitenounUS /spaɪt/

feeling a need to see others suffer

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading He had been, at one time, a Guardian of the Kingdom, and up to 1306 had taken the oath of fealty to Edward six times.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

Wischard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 13 _byschop Robert._ Robert Wischard, or Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow since 1273.

Wishart

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 13 _byschop Robert._ Robert Wischard, or Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow since 1273.

writernounUS /ˈraɪtər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading Nothir of the kyrk_, etc. The Lanercost writer notes that among those hanged at this time were not only “common folk and countrymen” (_simplices laici et rurales_), but also “knights, clerics, and prebendaries”--the latter in spite of their profession that they were “members of the church” (p.

Chapter 23 of The Bruce by John, -1395 Barbour holds 162 sentences, grouped into 33 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 23 of The Bruce contain?

Chapter 23 holds 162 sentences of The Bruce, unabridged, divided into 33 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 23 of The Bruce by John, -1395 Barbour exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 162 sentences, grouped into 33 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 23 of The Bruce?

Work through the 33 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 33 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 23 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 23 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Bruce

Common questions about reading The Bruce by John, -1395 Barbour on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Bruce?

Yes. All 8217 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #44292 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Bruce is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #44292, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Bruce take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1644 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Bruce section by section

How to work through The Bruce section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 39 chapters of The Bruce to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Bruce

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Bruce, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Mackenzie
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bruce; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bruce; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Outline
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bruce; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Scottish
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Bruce; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.