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The Carlovingian Coins
The Carlovingian Coins

Chapter XV · Chapter 15

Chapter 15 of The Carlovingian Coins is here in full — 88 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/17 · 5 lines
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THE BRETON CHIEF.
The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.
A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.
Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.
The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Carlovingian Coins

Chapter XV · Chapter 15

Chapter 15 of The Carlovingian Coins is here in full — 88 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/17 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE BRETON CHIEF.
/ðə ˈbretən tʃiːf/
Line 2
The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.
Line 3
A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.
Line 4
Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.
Line 5
The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Brittany noun US /ˈbrɪtəni/

a former province of northwestern France on a peninsula between the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay

From this reading “The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.”

centenarian noun US /ˌsentəˈneriən/

someone who is at least 100 years old

From this reading “Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.”

contiguous adjective US /kənˈtɪɡjuːəs/

very close or connected in space or time

From this reading “The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.”

ditches noun US /ˈdɪtʃəz/

plural of “ditch” — a long narrow excavation in the earth

From this reading “A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.”

Gallic adjective US /ˈɡælɪk/

of or pertaining to Gaul or the Gauls

From this reading “The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.”

kennels noun US /ˈkenəlz/

plural of “kennel” — outbuilding that serves as a shelter for a dog

From this reading “The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.”

palisades noun US /ˌpælɪˈseɪdz/

plural of “palisade” — fortification consisting of a strong fence made of stakes driven into the ground

From this reading “A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.”

structures noun US /ˈstrʌktʃərz/

plural of “structure” — a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts

From this reading “The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

green meadows noun + noun counted as “green meadow”

In this reading “Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.”

olden days adjective + noun

In this reading “The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.”

deep ditches adjective + noun counted as “deep ditch”

In this reading “A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.”

by means preposition + noun

In this reading “A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.”

about the middle preposition + article + noun counted as “about … middle”

In this reading “The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.”

approaches of verb + particle counted as “approach of”

In this reading “A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.”

All words in this reading · 85

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

alders

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

approachesnounUS /əˈproʊtʃəz/

plural of “approach” — ideas or actions intended to deal with a problem or situation

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

barnsnounUS /bɑːrnz/

plural of “barn” — an outlying farm building for storing grain or animal feed and housing farm animals

From this reading The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

beeches

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

BlackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

borderedadjectiveUS /ˈbɔːrdərd/

having a border especially of a specified kind; sometimes used as a combining term

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

BRETONnounUS /ˈbretən/

a native or inhabitant of Brittany (especially one who speaks the Breton language)

From this reading THE BRETON CHIEF.

BrittanynounUS /ˈbrɪtəni/

a former province of northwestern France on a peninsula between the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

centenariannounUS /ˌsentəˈneriən/

someone who is at least 100 years old

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

CHIEFnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading THE BRETON CHIEF.

ChiefsnounUS /tʃiːfs/

plural of “chief” — a person who is in charge

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

chosennounUS /ˈtʃoʊzən/

one who is the object of choice; who is given preference

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

constructedverbUS /kənˈstrʌktəd/

past form of “construct” — make by combining materials and parts

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

contiguousadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪɡjuːəs/

very close or connected in space or time

From this reading The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

cross-beams

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

deepadjectiveUS /diːp/

relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

defendedverbUS /dɪˈfendəd/

past form of “defend” — argue or speak in defense of

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

ditchesnounUS /ˈdɪtʃəz/

plural of “ditch” — a long narrow excavation in the earth

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

eastnounUS /iːst/

the cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

enclosurenounUS /enˈkloʊʒər/

a structure consisting of an area that has been enclosed for some purpose

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

extendedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈstendəd/

relatively long in duration; tediously protracted

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

exteriornounUS /ɪkˈstɪriər/

the region that is outside of something

From this reading The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

farm-house

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

fastenedadjectiveUS /ˈfæsənd/

firmly closed or secured

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

forestnounUS /ˈfɔːrəst/

the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

fortifiedadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrtəfaɪd/

secured with bastions or fortifications

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

GallicadjectiveUS /ˈɡælɪk/

of or pertaining to Gaul or the Gauls

From this reading The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

gentlyadverbUS /ˈdʒentli/

in a gradual manner

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

greennounUS /ɡriːn/

green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

husbandmannoun

a person who operates a farm

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

kennelsnounUS /ˈkenəlz/

plural of “kennel” — outbuilding that serves as a shelter for a dog

From this reading The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

locatedadjectiveUS /ˈloʊkeɪtəd/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

Lokfern

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

meadowsnounUS /ˈmedoʊz/

plural of “meadow” — a field where grass or alfalfa are grown to be made into hay

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

middlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

Morvan

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

MountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

nestledadjectiveUS /ˈnesəld/

drawn or pressed close to someone or something for or as if for affection or protection

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

northnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

oaknounUS /oʊk/

the hard durable wood of any oak; used especially for furniture and flooring

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

oaksnounUS /oʊks/

plural of “oak” — the hard durable wood of any oak; used especially for furniture and flooring

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

oldenadjectiveUS /ˈoʊldən/

relating to time long past

From this reading The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

OutsideadjectiveUS /ˈaʊtˈsaɪd/

relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

palisadesnounUS /ˌpælɪˈseɪdz/

plural of “palisade” — fortification consisting of a strong fence made of stakes driven into the ground

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

raisedadjectiveUS /reɪzd/

located or moved above the surround or above the normal position

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

roughadjectiveUS /rʌf/

having or caused by an irregular surface

From this reading The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

runningadjectiveUS /ˈrʌnɪŋ/

(of fluids) moving or issuing in a stream

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

slopedadjective

having an oblique or slanted direction

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

southnounUS /saʊθ/

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

spursnounUS /spɜːrz/

plural of “spur” — a verbalization that encourages you to attempt something

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

stablesnounUS /ˈsteɪbəlz/

plural of “stable” — a farm building for housing horses or other livestock

From this reading The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

stoutadjectiveUS /staʊt/

dependable

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

strongadjectiveUS /strɔːŋ/

having strength or power greater than average or expected

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

structuresnounUS /ˈstrʌktʃərz/

plural of “structure” — a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts

From this reading The house of Morvan, its contiguous barns, kennels and stables, had the rough exterior of the Gallic structures of olden days.

swiftadjectiveUS /swɪft/

moving very fast

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

systemnounUS /ˈsɪstəm/

instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE BRETON CHIEF.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

toughadjectiveUS /tʌf/

not given to gentleness or sentimentality

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

trunksnounUS /trʌŋks/

(used in the plural) trousers that end at or above the knee

From this reading A strong system of palisades, constructed of tough trunks of oak fastened together by means of stout cross-beams, and raised on the near side of deep ditches, defended the approaches of the farm-house.

valleynounUS /ˈvæli/

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The home of Morvan, the husbandman, who was chosen Chief of the Chiefs of Brittany, was located about the middle of the valley of Lokfern, and nestled among the last spurs of the Black Mountains.

windings

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Outside of the fortified enclosure, a forest of centenarian oaks extended to the north and east; to the south, green meadows sloped gently towards the windings of a swift running river that was bordered with beeches and alders.

Chapter 15 of The Carlovingian Coins by Eugène Sue holds 88 sentences, grouped into 18 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 15 of The Carlovingian Coins contain?

Chapter 15 holds 88 sentences of The Carlovingian Coins, unabridged, divided into 18 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 15 of The Carlovingian Coins by Eugène Sue exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 88 sentences, grouped into 18 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 15 of The Carlovingian Coins?

Work through the 18 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 18 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 15 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 15 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Carlovingian Coins

Common questions about reading The Carlovingian Coins by Eugène Sue on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Carlovingian Coins?

Yes. All 2392 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #33021 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Carlovingian Coins is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #33021, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Carlovingian Coins take to read?

About 199 minutes of reading across 479 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Carlovingian Coins section by section

How to work through The Carlovingian Coins section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 21 chapters of The Carlovingian Coins to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Carlovingian Coins

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Carlovingian Coins, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Carlovingian Coins; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Amael
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Carlovingian Coins; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Vortigern
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Carlovingian Coins; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Courtyard
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Carlovingian Coins; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.