Chapter XII

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE WARS OF THE ROSES.--1422 TO 1461.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE WARS OF THE ROSES.--1422 TO 1461.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 2.

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading During that thirty years, the country was, as you may suppose, in a very unhappy condition.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

in spite of the fact that

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading During that thirty years, the country was, as you may suppose, in a very unhappy condition.

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

applying to ordinary citizens as contrasted with the military

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

a state at a particular time

From this reading During that thirty years, the country was, as you may suppose, in a very unhappy condition.

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading During that thirty years, the country was, as you may suppose, in a very unhappy condition.

a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading During that thirty years, the country was, as you may suppose, in a very unhappy condition.

daughter of George VI who became the Queen of England and Northern Ireland in 1952 on the death of her father (1926-)

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

plural of “family” — a social unit living together

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

a social unit living together

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

A person legally or magically entitled to the property or rank of another on that person's death.

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

a female heir

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

plural of “interval” — a definite length of time marked off by two instants

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

a city in northwestern England

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

past form of “last” — persist for a specified period of time

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life (or until divorce)

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE WARS OF THE ROSES.--1422 TO 1461.

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

an angry dispute

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

plural of “rose” — any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading THE WARS OF THE ROSES.--1422 TO 1461.

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

established or decided beyond dispute or doubt

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

coming next after the sixth and just before the eighth in position

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

express a supposition

From this reading During that thirty years, the country was, as you may suppose, in a very unhappy condition.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE WARS OF THE ROSES.--1422 TO 1461.

in or at that place or location

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

up to a particular time

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE WARS OF THE ROSES.--1422 TO 1461.

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

experiencing or marked by or causing sadness or sorrow or discontent

From this reading During that thirty years, the country was, as you may suppose, in a very unhappy condition.

characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

precisely as stated

From this reading During that thirty years, the country was, as you may suppose, in a very unhappy condition.

plural of “war” — the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading THE WARS OF THE ROSES.--1422 TO 1461.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

which person or people

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

in the company of; together with

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

a late time of life

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading The civil wars may be said to have lasted thirty years, from the first battle at St. Alban’s, in 1455, to the battle of Bosworth, in 1485; for although there were intervals of peace, the quarrel between the house of York and Lancaster was not finally settled till the two families were united by the marriage of Henry the Seventh, who was heir of the House of Lancaster, with Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and heiress of that family.

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading During that thirty years, the country was, as you may suppose, in a very unhappy condition.