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The Columbiad: A Poem
The Columbiad: A Poem

Chapter IX · Chapter 9

Chapter 9 of The Columbiad: A Poem is here in full — 295 sentences across 59 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/59 · 5 lines
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Book VI.
Line 35.
The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.
Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.
The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Columbiad: A Poem

Chapter IX · Chapter 9

Chapter 9 of The Columbiad: A Poem is here in full — 295 sentences across 59 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/59 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Book VI.
/bʊk vaɪ/
Line 2
Line 35.
Line 3
The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.
Line 4
Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.
/kənˈsɪdərɪŋ ɪt æz ə wɔːr əˈɡenst ˈrebəlz ˈniːðər ðer ˈɔːfəsərz nɔːr ˈsoʊldʒərz kənˈsiːvd ðemˈselvz baʊnd baɪ ðə ˈɔːrdəneri lɔːz ʌv wɔːr/
Line 5
The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.
/ðə dɪˈteɪl ʌv fækts ɑːn ðɪs səbˈdʒekt əˈspeʃli ɪn wʌt kənˈsɜːrnd ðə ˈprɪzən ʃɪps hæz nɑːt bɪn səˈfɪʃəntli ˈnoʊtəst ɪn ˈaʊər ˈænəlz æt liːst nɑːt soʊ mʌtʃ ˈnoʊtəst æz ðə ˈɪntrəst ʌv ˈpʌblɪk ˈmɔːrəlz wʊd siːm tuː ˌriːˈkwaɪər/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

annals noun US /ˈænəlz/

reports of the work of a society or learned body etc

From this reading “The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.”

civilized adjective US /ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/

having a high state of culture and development both social and technological

From this reading “The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.”

cruelties noun US /ˈkruːltiz/

plural of “cruelty” — a cruel act; a deliberate infliction of pain and suffering

From this reading “The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.”

exercised verb US /ˈeksərsaɪzd/

past form of “exercise” — put to use

From this reading “The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.”

inflexible adjective US /ˌɪnˈfleksəbəl/

incapable of change

From this reading “The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.”

morals noun US /ˈmɔːrəlz/

motivation based on ideas of right and wrong

From this reading “The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.”

rebels noun US /ˈrebəlz/

plural of “rebel” — “Johnny” was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; “greyback” derived from their grey Confederate uniforms

From this reading “Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.”

systematic adjective US /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/

characterized by order and planning

From this reading “The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.”

All words in this reading · 73

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

35

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Line 35.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

annalsnounUS /ˈænəlz/

reports of the work of a society or learned body etc

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

armiesnounUS /ˈɑːrmiz/

plural of “army” — a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

BooknounUS /bʊk/

a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)

From this reading Book VI.

boundadjectiveUS /baʊnd/

confined by bonds

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

civilizedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/

having a high state of culture and development both social and technological

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

conceivedverbUS /kənˈsiːvd/

past form of “conceive” — have the idea for

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

concernedadjectiveUS /kənˈsɜːrnd/

feeling or showing worry or solicitude

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

ConsideringverbUS /kənˈsɪdərɪŋ/

-ing form of “consider” — deem to be

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

coursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

crueltiesnounUS /ˈkruːltiz/

plural of “cruelty” — a cruel act; a deliberate infliction of pain and suffering

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

detailnounUS /dɪˈteɪl/

an isolated fact that is considered separately from the whole

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

doubtlessadverbUS /ˈdaʊtləs/

without doubt; certainly

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

especiallyadverbUS /əˈspeʃli/

to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

exercisedverbUS /ˈeksərsaɪzd/

past form of “exercise” — put to use

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

factsnounUS /fækts/

plural of “fact” — a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

inflexibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈfleksəbəl/

incapable of change

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

lawsnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

LinenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading Line 35.

moralsnounUS /ˈmɔːrəlz/

motivation based on ideas of right and wrong

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

nationsnounUS /ˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “nation” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

neitherdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

noticedadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊtəst/

being perceived or observed

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

officersnounUS /ˈɔːfəsərz/

plural of “officer” — any person in the armed services who holds a position of authority or command

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

ordinarynounUS /ˈɔːrdəneri/

a judge of a probate court

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

prisonnounUS /ˈprɪzən/

a correctional institution where persons are confined while on trial or for punishment

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

prisonersnounUS /ˈprɪzənərz/

plural of “prisoner” — a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

rebelsnounUS /ˈrebəlz/

plural of “rebel” — “Johnny” was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; “greyback” derived from their grey Confederate uniforms

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

requireverbUS /ˌriːˈkwaɪər/

require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

seemverbUS /siːm/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

shipsnounUS /ʃɪps/

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

soldiersnounUS /ˈsoʊldʒərz/

plural of “soldier” — an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

sufficientlyadverbUS /səˈfɪʃəntli/

to a sufficient degree

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

systematicadjectiveUS /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/

characterized by order and planning

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading Considering it as a war against rebels, neither their officers nor soldiers conceived themselves bound by the ordinary laws of war.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

unexampledadjective

having no previous example or precedent or parallel

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

VInounUS /vaɪ/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading Book VI.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading The detail of facts on this subject, especially in what concerned the prison ships, has not been sufficiently noticed in our annals; at least not so much noticed as the interest of public morals would seem to require.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading The systematic and inflexible course of cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the three first years of the war were doubtless unexampled among civilized nations.

Chapter 9 of The Columbiad: A Poem by Joel Barlow holds 295 sentences, grouped into 59 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of The Columbiad: A Poem contain?

Chapter 9 holds 295 sentences of The Columbiad: A Poem, unabridged, divided into 59 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of The Columbiad: A Poem by Joel Barlow exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 295 sentences, grouped into 59 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of The Columbiad: A Poem?

Work through the 59 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 59 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 9 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #8683, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in The Columbiad: A Poem

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Columbiad: A Poem, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Barlow
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Columbiad: A Poem; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Spiegherai
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Columbiad: A Poem; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Colombo
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Columbiad: A Poem; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lontane
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Columbiad: A Poem; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.