Chapter I · Chapter 1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This book was written in 1840.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

higher than, or over, something

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

a component that is added to something to improve it

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

a public promotion of some product or service

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

in addition

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

plural of “apostrophe” — address to an absent or imaginary person

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

third-person singular of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It includes material that may be offensive to some readers.

a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)

From this reading This book was written in 1840.

a diacritical mark (U-shaped) placed over a vowel to indicate a short sound

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

plural of “character” — an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

in a systematic or consistent manner

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

serving an esthetic rather than a useful purpose

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

loss due to not showing up

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

without deviation

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

something intended to communicate a particular impression

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

the activity of converting data or information into code

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

record in a public office or in a court of law

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

a specific size and style of type within a type family

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

food that is discarded (as from a kitchen)

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

third-person singular of “include” — have as a part, be made up out of

From this reading It includes material that may be offensive to some readers.

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It includes material that may be offensive to some readers.

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

the literary culture

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

(music) a group of notes connected by a slur

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

a diacritical mark (-) placed above a vowel to indicate a long sound

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

engage in

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

attach a tag or label to

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

English businessman who created a retail chain (1888-1964)

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests

From this reading It includes material that may be offensive to some readers.

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

a condition requiring relief

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

violating or tending to violate or offend against

From this reading It includes material that may be offensive to some readers.

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas; the beginning is usually marked by a new indented line

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

in the right manner; correctly; suitably

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

a short note recognizing a source of information or of a quoted passage

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

not widely known; especially valued for its uncommonness

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

possessive form of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

plural of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading It includes material that may be offensive to some readers.

a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical)

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading It includes material that may be offensive to some readers.

having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

the words of something written

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It includes material that may be offensive to some readers.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This book was written in 1840.

in the company of; together with

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading This book was written in 1840.

a silvery metallic element that is common in rare-earth minerals; used in magnesium and aluminum alloys

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section.