Chapter II

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

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From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

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From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

plural of “adventurer” — a person who enjoys taking risks

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

stuck in a place where a ship can no longer float

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

state capital of New York; located in eastern New York State on the west bank of the Hudson river

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

an industrial center and the nominal capital of the Netherlands; center of the diamond-cutting industry; seat of an important stock exchange; known for its canals and art museum

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

the power or right to give orders or make decisions

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

plural of “bandit” — an armed thief who is (usually) a member of a band

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

a line that indicates a boundary

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

a degree on the centigrade scale of temperature

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

of or relating to Canada or its people

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

plural of “challenge” — a demanding or stimulating situation

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

English general considered one of the greatest generals in history (1650-1722)

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

possessive form of “collier” — someone who works in a coal mine

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

the act of drawing spatially closer to something

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

an institution created to conduct business

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

come or bring to a finish or an end

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book, magazine, or newspaper

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

showing the wearing effects of overwork or care or suffering

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

a lining applied to the edge of a garment for ornamentation or strengthening

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

widely known and esteemed

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

alert carnivorous mammal with pointed muzzle and ears and a bushy tail; most are predators that do not hunt in packs

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

an ornamental facade

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

the head of a state government

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

the quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

a period of time assigned for work

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

a New York river; flows southward into New York Bay; explored by Henry Hudson early in the 17th century

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

possessive form of “hudson” — a New York river; flows southward into New York Bay; explored by Henry Hudson early in the 17th century

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

a severe tropical cyclone usually with heavy rains and winds moving at 63-136 knots (12 on the Beaufort scale)

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

plural of “illustration” — artwork that helps make something clear or attractive

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

a Stuart king of Scotland who married a daughter of Henry VII; when England and France went to war in 1513 he invaded England and died in defeat at Flodden (1473-1513)

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

an intermediate platform in a staircase

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

immediately past

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints)

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

the act of departing

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

make a map of; show or establish the features of details of

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

United States anthropologist (born in England) who popularized anthropology (1905-)

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

English admiral who defeated the French fleets of Napoleon but was mortally wounded at Trafalgar (1758-1805)

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

not any; not one

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

the northwestern region of the United States

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

one side of one leaf (of a book or magazine or newspaper or letter etc.) or the written or pictorial matter it contains

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

record on photographic film

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

the text appearing in a book, newspaper, or other printed publication

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

any competition

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

plural of “ranger” — a member of the Texas state highway patrol; formerly a mounted lawman who maintained order on the frontier

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

English leader (born in Germany) of the Royalist forces during the English Civil War (1619-1682)

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

express in words

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

transport commercially

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

the display of a motion picture

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

having a handwritten signature

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

a soft white precious univalent metallic element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal; occurs in argentite and in free form; used in coins and jewelry and tableware and photography

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

plural of “skin” — a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

a person who is owned by someone

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

acceptance of despair

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

plural of “tale” — a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

status with respect to the relations between people or groups

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

plural of “throng” — a large gathering of people

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

plural of “trader” — someone who purchases and maintains an inventory of goods to be sold

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

an obvious truth

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

an act of traveling by water

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34

plural of “voyage” — an act of traveling by water

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Photograph of the Copy of Radisson’s Voyage 114 Rupert House 130 Copy of Robson’s Drawing of York Harbor 170 Silver Fox Skins 178 Montagu House 202 Petition of the H. B. C. Signed by Churchill, or Marlborough 218 Terms of Surrender Between Le Moyne d’Iberville and Governor Walsh at York Fort 234

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

celebrate noisily, often indulging in drinking; engage in uproarious festivities

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

plural of “wild” — a wild primitive state untouched by civilization

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “The Coming of the Pedlars”—A New Race of Wood-rovers Throngs to the Northwest—Bandits of the Wilds War Among Themselves—Tales of Border Warfare, Wassail and Grandeur—The New Northwest Company Challenges the Authority and Feudalism of the Hudson’s Bay Company 389 ADDENDA PAGE Map of Hudson’s First and Second Voyages 22

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Albany from an Old Print 34 The Duke of Marlborough 42 Le Moyne d’Iberville 58 Iberville’s Ship Run Aground Off Nelson in a Hurricane 74 Churchill Harbor as Drawn by Munck 82 Le Moyne d’Iberville’s French Rangers and Canadian Wood-runners Besieging Fort Nelson 90 Bienville 106

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

but in spite of that

From this reading Radisson’s House 258 Fort Rae, on Great Slave Lake 362 Traders Leaving Athabasca Landing 378 FOREWORD It has become almost a truism to say that no complete account of the Hudson’s Bay Adventurers has yet been written.

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading Map of Hudson’s Third Voyage—Hudson River 46 Map showing Hudson’s and Munck’s Voyages 408 ILLUSTRATIONS Collier’s Famous Picture of Hudson’s Last Hours _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Prince Rupert 10 James II, Duke of York 26 New Amsterdam or New York from an Old Print of 1660 34