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The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph — Vol. I
The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph — Vol. I

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph — Vol. I is here in full — 395 sentences across 79 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph — Vol. I
Context Illustration Reading 1/79 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
"We talked of books.
Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.
Gibbon he called the splendid bridge from the old world to the new.
His own reading had been multifarious.
Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph — Vol. I

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph — Vol. I is here in full — 395 sentences across 79 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/79 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"We talked of books.
/wiː tɔːkt ʌv bʊks/
Line 2
Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.
Line 3
Gibbon he called the splendid bridge from the old world to the new.
/ˈɡɪbən hiː kɔːld ðə ˈsplendɪd brɪdʒ frʌm ðə oʊld wɜːrld tuː ðə nuː/
Line 4
His own reading had been multifarious.
Line 5
Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

disparaged verb US /dɪˈsperɪdʒd/

past form of “disparage” — express a negative opinion of

From this reading “Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.”

Gibbon noun US /ˈɡɪbən/

English historian best known for his history of the Roman Empire (1737-1794)

From this reading “Gibbon he called the splendid bridge from the old world to the new.”

Plato noun US /ˈpleɪtoʊ/

ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC)

From this reading “Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.”

Robertson's noun US /ˈrɑːbərtsənz/

possessive form of “robertson” — United States basketball guard (born in 1938)

From this reading “Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.”

Robinson noun US /ˈrɑːbənsən/

English chemist noted for his studies of molecular structures in plants (1886-1975)

From this reading “Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.”

Shandy noun US /ˈʃændi/

a drink made of beer and lemonade

From this reading “Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.”

Socrates noun US /ˈsɑːkrətiːz/

ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC)

From this reading “Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.”

Tristram noun US /ˈtrɪstrəm/

(Middle Ages) the nephew of the king of Cornwall who (according to legend) fell in love with his uncle's bride (Iseult) after they mistakenly drank a love potion that left them eternally in love with each other

From this reading “Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.”

All words in this reading · 49

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading His own reading had been multifarious.

booksnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading "We talked of books.

bridgenounUS /brɪdʒ/

a structure that allows people or vehicles to cross an obstacle such as a river or canal or railway etc.

From this reading Gibbon he called the splendid bridge from the old world to the new.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Gibbon he called the splendid bridge from the old world to the new.

Crusoe

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

disparagedverbUS /dɪˈsperɪdʒd/

past form of “disparage” — express a negative opinion of

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

favoritenounUS /ˈfeɪvərɪt/

something regarded with special favor or liking

From this reading Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Gibbon he called the splendid bridge from the old world to the new.

GibbonnounUS /ˈɡɪbən/

English historian best known for his history of the Roman Empire (1737-1794)

From this reading Gibbon he called the splendid bridge from the old world to the new.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading His own reading had been multifarious.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

heronounUS /ˈhɪroʊ/

a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

HisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading His own reading had been multifarious.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

makingnounUS /ˈmeɪkɪŋ/

the act that results in something coming to be

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

Mirabeaunoun

French revolutionary who was prominent in the early days of the French Revolution (1749-1791)

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

multifariousadjective

having many aspects or qualities

From this reading His own reading had been multifarious.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Gibbon he called the splendid bridge from the old world to the new.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading "We talked of books.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Gibbon he called the splendid bridge from the old world to the new.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading His own reading had been multifarious.

persistedverbUS /pərˈsɪstɪd/

past form of “persist” — continue to exist

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

PlatonounUS /ˈpleɪtoʊ/

ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC)

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

pressedadjectiveUS /prest/

compacted by ironing

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

readverbUS /red/

interpret something that is written or printed

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

readingnounUS /ˈriːdɪŋ/

the cognitive process of understanding a written linguistic message

From this reading His own reading had been multifarious.

Robertson'snounUS /ˈrɑːbərtsənz/

possessive form of “robertson” — United States basketball guard (born in 1938)

From this reading Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

RobinsonnounUS /ˈrɑːbənsən/

English chemist noted for his studies of molecular structures in plants (1886-1975)

From this reading Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

ShandynounUS /ˈʃændi/

a drink made of beer and lemonade

From this reading Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

SocratesnounUS /ˈsɑːkrətiːz/

ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC)

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

splendidadjectiveUS /ˈsplendɪd/

having great beauty and splendor

From this reading Gibbon he called the splendid bridge from the old world to the new.

talkedverbUS /tɔːkt/

past form of “talk” — exchange thoughts; talk with

From this reading "We talked of books.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Gibbon he called the splendid bridge from the old world to the new.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Gibbon he called the splendid bridge from the old world to the new.

TristramnounUS /ˈtrɪstrəm/

(Middle Ages) the nephew of the king of Cornwall who (according to legend) fell in love with his uncle's bride (Iseult) after they mistakenly drank a love potion that left them eternally in love with each other

From this reading Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Tristram Shandy was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe and Robertson's America, an early favorite.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading "We talked of books.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Plato he does not read, and he disparaged Socrates; and, when pressed, persisted in making Mirabeau a hero.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading Gibbon he called the splendid bridge from the old world to the new.

Chapter 2 of The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph — Vol. I by Thomas Carlyle holds 395 sentences, grouped into 79 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph — Vol. I contain?

Chapter 2 holds 395 sentences of The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph — Vol. I, unabridged, divided into 79 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph — Vol. I by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 395 sentences, grouped into 79 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph — Vol. I?

Work through the 79 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 79 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph — Vol. I

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph — Vol. I, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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