Learn English through classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852
The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 is here in full — 90 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852
Context Illustration Reading 1/18 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.
The sun had sunk behind the mountains but it was still light.
The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.
The air was rarefied, motionless, and full of sound.
The shadow of the mountains reached for several miles over the steppe.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 is here in full — 90 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/18 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.
/ɪt wɑːz wʌn ʌv ðoʊz ˈwʌndərfəl ˈiːvnɪŋz ðæt əˈkɜːr ˈoʊnli ɪn ðə ˈkɔːkəsəs/
Line 2
The sun had sunk behind the mountains but it was still light.
/ðə sʌn hæd sʌŋk bɪˈhaɪnd ðə ˈmaʊntənz bʌt ɪt wɑːz stɪl laɪt/
Line 3
The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.
Line 4
The air was rarefied, motionless, and full of sound.
/ðə er wɑːz ˈrerəfaɪd ˈmoʊʃənləs ənd fʊl ʌv saʊnd/
Line 5
The shadow of the mountains reached for several miles over the steppe.
/ðə ˈʃæd.oʊ ʌv ðə ˈmaʊntənz riːtʃt fɔːr ˈsevrəl maɪlz ˈoʊvər ðə step/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Caucasus noun US /ˈkɔːkəsəs/

the mountain range in Caucasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea that forms part of the traditional border between Europe and Asia

From this reading “It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.”

defined adjective US /dɪˈfaɪnd/

clearly characterized or delimited

From this reading “The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.”

evenings noun US /ˈiːvnɪŋz/

plural of “evening” — the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall)

From this reading “It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.”

glow noun US /ɡloʊ/

an alert and refreshed state

From this reading “The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.”

occur verb US /əˈkɜːr/

come to pass

From this reading “It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.”

rarefied adjective US /ˈrerəfaɪd/

having low density

From this reading “The air was rarefied, motionless, and full of sound.”

steppe noun US /step/

extensive plain without trees (associated with eastern Russia and Siberia)

From this reading “The shadow of the mountains reached for several miles over the steppe.”

sunk adjective US /sʌŋk/

doomed to extinction

From this reading “The sun had sunk behind the mountains but it was still light.”

All words in this reading · 48

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading The air was rarefied, motionless, and full of sound.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading The sun had sunk behind the mountains but it was still light.

brilliancynoun

a quality that outshines the usual

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The sun had sunk behind the mountains but it was still light.

CaucasusnounUS /ˈkɔːkəsəs/

the mountain range in Caucasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea that forms part of the traditional border between Europe and Asia

From this reading It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.

definedadjectiveUS /dɪˈfaɪnd/

clearly characterized or delimited

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

dulladjectiveUS /dʌl/

lacking in liveliness or animation

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

eveningnounUS /ˈiːvnɪŋ/

the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall)

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

eveningsnounUS /ˈiːvnɪŋz/

plural of “evening” — the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall)

From this reading It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The shadow of the mountains reached for several miles over the steppe.

fulladjectiveUS /fʊl/

containing as much or as many as is possible or normal

From this reading The air was rarefied, motionless, and full of sound.

glownounUS /ɡloʊ/

an alert and refreshed state

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The sun had sunk behind the mountains but it was still light.

immensitynoun

unusual largeness in size or extent or number

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading The sun had sunk behind the mountains but it was still light.

milesnounUS /maɪlz/

plural of “mile” — a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 meters

From this reading The shadow of the mountains reached for several miles over the steppe.

motionlessadjectiveUS /ˈmoʊʃənləs/

not in physical motion

From this reading The air was rarefied, motionless, and full of sound.

mountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading The sun had sunk behind the mountains but it was still light.

occurverbUS /əˈkɜːr/

come to pass

From this reading It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

rarefiedadjectiveUS /ˈrerəfaɪd/

having low density

From this reading The air was rarefied, motionless, and full of sound.

reachedverbUS /riːtʃt/

past form of “reach” — reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading The shadow of the mountains reached for several miles over the steppe.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading The shadow of the mountains reached for several miles over the steppe.

shadownounUS /ˈʃæd.oʊ/

A dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

From this reading The shadow of the mountains reached for several miles over the steppe.

sharplyadverbUS /ˈʃɑːrpli/

in an aggressive manner

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

skynounUS /skaɪ/

the atmosphere and outer space as viewed from the earth

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

soundnounUS /saʊnd/

the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause

From this reading The air was rarefied, motionless, and full of sound.

spreadverbUS /spred/

distribute or disperse widely

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

steppenounUS /step/

extensive plain without trees (associated with eastern Russia and Siberia)

From this reading The shadow of the mountains reached for several miles over the steppe.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading The sun had sunk behind the mountains but it was still light.

sunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading The sun had sunk behind the mountains but it was still light.

sunkadjectiveUS /sʌŋk/

doomed to extinction

From this reading The sun had sunk behind the mountains but it was still light.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.

thirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading The evening glow had spread over a third of the sky, and against its brilliancy the dull white immensity of the mountains was sharply defined.

wonderfuladjectiveUS /ˈwʌndərfəl/

extraordinarily good or great; used especially as intensifiers

From this reading It was one of those wonderful evenings that occur only in the Caucasus.

Chapter 4 of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 by Leo, graf Tolstoy holds 90 sentences, grouped into 18 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 contain?

Chapter 4 holds 90 sentences of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852, unabridged, divided into 18 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 by Leo, graf Tolstoy exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 90 sentences, grouped into 18 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852?

Work through the 18 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 18 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852

Common questions about reading The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 by Leo, graf Tolstoy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852?

Yes. All 4174 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #4761 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #4761, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 take to read?

About 347 minutes of reading across 835 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 section by section

How to work through The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

First-rate
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fellows
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Repeating
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ready
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.