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The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852
The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852

Chapter XV · Chapter 15

Chapter 15 of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 is here in full — 158 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/31 · 5 lines
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Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.
He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.
Everybody in the regiment knew of his old-time prowess.
The death of more than one Russian, as well as Chéchen, lay on his conscience.
He used to go plundering in the mountains, and robbed the Russians too; and he had twice been in prison.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852

Chapter XV · Chapter 15

Chapter 15 of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 is here in full — 158 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/31 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.
Line 2
He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.
Line 3
Everybody in the regiment knew of his old-time prowess.
Line 4
The death of more than one Russian, as well as Chéchen, lay on his conscience.
Line 5
He used to go plundering in the mountains, and robbed the Russians too; and he had twice been in prison.
/hiː juːzd tuː ɡoʊ ˈplʌndərɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈmaʊntənz ənd rɑːbd ðə ˈrʌʃənz tuː ənd hiː hæd twaɪs bɪn ɪn ˈprɪzən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

boldest adjective US /ˈboʊldɪst/

superlative of “bold” — fearless and daring

From this reading “He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.”

bragging noun US /ˈbræɡɪŋ/

an instance of boastful talk

From this reading “He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.”

Cossack noun US /ˈkɔːsək/

a member of a Slavic people living in southern European Russia and Ukraine and adjacent parts of Asia and noted for their horsemanship and military skill; they formed an elite cavalry corps in czarist Russia

From this reading “Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.”

Daddy noun US /ˈdædi/

an informal term for a father; probably derived from baby talk

From this reading “Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.”

Orthodox adjective US /ˈɔːrθədɑːks/

of or pertaining to or characteristic of Judaism

From this reading “Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.”

plundering noun US /ˈplʌndərɪŋ/

the act of stealing valuable things from a place

From this reading “He used to go plundering in the mountains, and robbed the Russians too; and he had twice been in prison.”

prowess noun US /ˈpraʊəs/

a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation

From this reading “Everybody in the regiment knew of his old-time prowess.”

Russians noun US /ˈrʌʃənz/

plural of “russian” — a native or inhabitant of Russia

From this reading “He used to go plundering in the mountains, and robbed the Russians too; and he had twice been in prison.”

All words in this reading · 67

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

boldestadjectiveUS /ˈboʊldɪst/

superlative of “bold” — fearless and daring

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

braggingnounUS /ˈbræɡɪŋ/

an instance of boastful talk

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

ChurchnounUS /tʃɜːrtʃ/

one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

Chéchen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The death of more than one Russian, as well as Chéchen, lay on his conscience.

consciencenounUS /ˈkɑːnʃəns/

motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person's thoughts and actions

From this reading The death of more than one Russian, as well as Chéchen, lay on his conscience.

CossacknounUS /ˈkɔːsək/

a member of a Slavic people living in southern European Russia and Ukraine and adjacent parts of Asia and noted for their horsemanship and military skill; they formed an elite cavalry corps in czarist Russia

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

DaddynounUS /ˈdædi/

an informal term for a father; probably derived from baby talk

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

dare-devil

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading The death of more than one Russian, as well as Chéchen, lay on his conscience.

Eróshka

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

EverybodypronounUS /ˈevribɑːdi/

every person

From this reading Everybody in the regiment knew of his old-time prowess.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading He used to go plundering in the mountains, and robbed the Russians too; and he had twice been in prison.

goneadjectiveUS /ɡɔːn/

destroyed or killed

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading Everybody in the regiment knew of his old-time prowess.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading The death of more than one Russian, as well as Chéchen, lay on his conscience.

marriedadjectiveUS /ˈmerid/

joined in matrimony

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The death of more than one Russian, as well as Chéchen, lay on his conscience.

mountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading He used to go plundering in the mountains, and robbed the Russians too; and he had twice been in prison.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

old-timeadjective

attractively old-fashioned (but not necessarily authentic)

From this reading Everybody in the regiment knew of his old-time prowess.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The death of more than one Russian, as well as Chéchen, lay on his conscience.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The death of more than one Russian, as well as Chéchen, lay on his conscience.

OrthodoxadjectiveUS /ˈɔːrθədɑːks/

of or pertaining to or characteristic of Judaism

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

plunderingnounUS /ˈplʌndərɪŋ/

the act of stealing valuable things from a place

From this reading He used to go plundering in the mountains, and robbed the Russians too; and he had twice been in prison.

prisonnounUS /ˈprɪzən/

a correctional institution where persons are confined while on trial or for punishment

From this reading He used to go plundering in the mountains, and robbed the Russians too; and he had twice been in prison.

prowessnounUS /ˈpraʊəs/

a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation

From this reading Everybody in the regiment knew of his old-time prowess.

regimentverbUS /ˈredʒəmənt/

subject to rigid discipline, order, and systematization

From this reading Everybody in the regiment knew of his old-time prowess.

robbedverbUS /rɑːbd/

inflected form of “rob” — take something away by force or without the consent of the owner

From this reading He used to go plundering in the mountains, and robbed the Russians too; and he had twice been in prison.

runverbUS /rʌn/

move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

RussiannounUS /ˈrʌʃən/

a native or inhabitant of Russia

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

RussiansnounUS /ˈrʌʃənz/

plural of “russian” — a native or inhabitant of Russia

From this reading He used to go plundering in the mountains, and robbed the Russians too; and he had twice been in prison.

sergeant-major

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

solitaryadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːləteri/

characterized by or preferring solitude

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

spokenounUS /spoʊk/

support consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

superannuatedadjective

too old to be useful

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The death of more than one Russian, as well as Chéchen, lay on his conscience.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading He used to go plundering in the mountains, and robbed the Russians too; and he had twice been in prison.

twentynounUS /ˈtwenti/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

twiceadverbUS /twaɪs/

two times

From this reading He used to go plundering in the mountains, and robbed the Russians too; and he had twice been in prison.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading He used to go plundering in the mountains, and robbed the Russians too; and he had twice been in prison.

villagenounUS /ˈvɪlədʒ/

a community of people smaller than a town

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading The death of more than one Russian, as well as Chéchen, lay on his conscience.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

wifenounUS /waɪf/

a married woman; a man's partner in marriage

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Daddy Eróshka was a superannuated and solitary Cossack: twenty years ago his wife had gone over to the Orthodox Church and run away from him and married a Russian sergeant-major, and he had no children.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading He was not bragging when he spoke of himself as having been the boldest dare-devil in the village when he was young.

Chapter 15 of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 by Leo, graf Tolstoy holds 158 sentences, grouped into 32 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 15 of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 contain?

Chapter 15 holds 158 sentences of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852, unabridged, divided into 32 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 15 of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 by Leo, graf Tolstoy exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 158 sentences, grouped into 32 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 15 of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852?

Work through the 32 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 32 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 15 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 15 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852 by Leo, graf Tolstoy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #4761, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 347 minutes of reading across 835 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

First-rate
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fellows
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Repeating
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ready
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.